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The fall actually began about 1000-1050 AD, when China engaged in a "border war" with the Ly Dynasty of Vietnam. The war ended in a draw, but caused great military losses. Thus, when the Jurchen, a Tungusic people from what is now Manchuria, invaded, the Song dynasty had no choice but to retreat to the south, thus splitting China into 2 sections; the Jurchen, who called themselves the Jin dynasty, but are commonly referred to as Northern Song, and the original Song dynasty. After finally taking back all of China from the Jurchen using their superior naval power, they lost it all to the Mongols, led by Kublai Khan, thus starting the Yuan dynasty. In all, the Song dynasty lasted 399 years.

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