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What marked the end of the Peloponnesian War?

The surrender of the beseiged city of Athens to the the Peloponnesian land and naval forces led by Sparta.


How did Anthens and Sparta joined forces to defeat Persia?

they never joined forces


Why in 431 BC did Sparta and other city-states join forces against Athens to fight the war?

After the Persian War, Athens turned the 180 city-states it had led against the Persian Empire into an empire of its own. It then tried to use this power to dominate other city-states. The final straw was when it tried to bankrupt its neighbour Megara, which belonged to the Dorian Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Megara asked for help, Sparta demanded Athens back off, Athens continued and the devastating 27-year Peloponnesian War followed.


Why was it so difficult for Athens and Sparta to defeat each othere?

Each had allies which augmented its power. Athens had an empire of about 180 city-states spread around the eastern Aegean Sea,. It had strong walls, which extended down to the sea, which enabled it to be resupplied during a siege. It also had a superior navy, which gave it the ability to threaten and raid opposing cities of the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, and to ensure resupply of the city by sea from its empire. The Peloponnesian League had the strongest land forces, and was able to besiege Athens. By whittling don Athens' allies, it progressively reduced Athens' power and resupply, until finally after 27 years of fighting, the Athenian fleet was destroyed (Persia gave money to pay for a Peloponnesian fleet) and Athens was starved into submission.


What war united Athens and Sparta against Asian foe?

The war that united Athens and Sparta against an Asian foe was the Greco-Persian Wars, particularly during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480-479 BCE. The most notable battles during this conflict were the Battle of Thermopylae and the naval Battle of Salamis. Despite their rivalry, the two city-states joined forces to resist the Persian Empire's expansion under King Xerxes. This collaboration ultimately led to a decisive Greek victory and the preservation of their independence.