Aristagoras, the Greek tyrant appointed to control Miletus, persuaded the Persian provincial governor into a joint attempt to take Naxos. When this failed, Aristagoras knew he was set for retribution, and conned the other Greek cities of Asia Minor into rebelling against Persian rule, leading to 50 years of warfare between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states of the Eastern Mediterranean.
The Greek city-states were conned into rebellion by Aristagoras, a Greek who the Persians had appointed as tyrant of Miletus. He had talked the Persian governor into supporting a takeover of Naxos; it failed and he knew that punishment was coming to him, and organised the revolt by the already restive Greek city-states to protect himself, known as the Ionian Revolt beginning in 499 BCE.
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The Greek city-states in Asia Minor were tricked into revolt by the Greek tyrant of Miletus to protect himself against Persian retaliation for his misconduct.
The Persian Empire stretched from present-day Pakistan to Libya, and so was composed of many different peoples and cultures. Persia tried to run a stable structure, imposing bearable taxes, maintaining peace, and protecting from external invaders. Each province had it own flashpoint, and rebellions broke out from time to time - Egypt, the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the Scythians and so on. Rebellions were usually promoted by local opportunists seeking to gain from provoking rebellions. The Greek tyrant of Miletus persuaded the Persians to support him in an attempt to capture the island of Naxos. It failed and to protect himself against a Persian reprisal, he roused up the Greek city-states of Ionia to rebel against Persia.
The Persian Empire comprised many people, some of whom at different times rebelled for different reasons. The Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebelled over losing independence, after being stirred up by a Greek tyrant appointed by the Persians who was in trouble with the Persian governor. There were rebellions in Central Asia, and in Egypt, usually stirred up by a local ruler trying to gain dominance and secession.
The Athenians, at the time, had a democratic government, meaning that they were governed by the vote of the people. In 499 BC, the Ionian Revolt began, wherein several cities in the Persian Empire rebelled against Persian rule to become democratic. The Athenians, being democratic themselves, supported the rebels. Ultimately, Persian won and retained control of the rebel territory, but they then attacked Greece because the Greeks had supported the rebellion against them.
In the 400s, Many countries, barbarians, tribes, & rebel armies attacked the roman empire,it enventualy caused half of it to be conquered. the area they conquered was called the western roman empire, & the otherp part that was left over was called the byzantine empire. the capital of the western roman empire was Rome & the capital of the Byzantine empire was Contantinople. both sides were eventualy conquered. the western was conquered by the barbarians in I mentioned at the beggining in 476 & the byzantine by the Ottomon empire in 1453 after a 40 day battle. but through all this carnage, Rome still stands to this day as one of the oldest cities on Earth.....but to a different Alliegance