What happened in 683AD?

Answer 1

In 683 AD, the Umayyad Caliphate faced significant challenges, including the continuing conflict with the forces of the Umayyad rival, Abdullah ibn al-Zubair, who had declared himself caliph in Mecca. This period marked the continuation of the First Fitna, or Islamic civil war, which had begun in 656 AD and involved struggles for power among various factions. Additionally, in the broader context of the Islamic world, this year saw the consolidation of Umayyad rule in regions such as North Africa and the expansion of Islamic influence in the Iberian Peninsula.