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When the Inca and Aztec civilizations encountered Europeans in the 16th century, it led to significant upheaval and change. The Spanish conquistadors, driven by the desire for wealth and land, exploited internal divisions within these empires and utilized advanced weaponry and disease to their advantage. This resulted in the rapid decline of both civilizations, with the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521 and the Inca Empire in 1533, leading to Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The encounters also facilitated cultural exchanges, albeit often through violent means, reshaping the social and political landscape of the region.

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