Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," is a historical region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, primarily in modern-day Iraq. It is known for being one of the earliest centers of human civilization, where significant advancements in writing, agriculture, and urbanization occurred. Major cultures that emerged in Mesopotamia include the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, contributing to developments in law, literature, and science. The region's rich history laid the groundwork for many aspects of modern society.