Persia.
Iran
Lack of communication throughout the empire/society/etc. would definetely be one of the major difficulties to taking control of a large empire/society/etc. Another would be travel. "How would they get around?" would be a good question for that. Simple difficulties such as these can lead to the fall or decline of an empire,nation,etc.
Libya, Ethiopia, Arabia, India, Macedonia, Thrace, Scythia. Most were not organised countries as we know nation-states today, but peoples, confederations etc. And then there were the independent Greek city-states.
The Persian Empire left several lasting legacies, including the establishment of a centralized administration and a system of satrapies that influenced future governance models. Its promotion of cultural tolerance and respect for local customs facilitated the exchange of ideas and trade across vast territories, contributing to a rich cultural heritage. Additionally, the development of infrastructure, such as the Royal Road, improved communication and commerce, setting a precedent for future empires. The Persian model of imperial governance and cultural integration continues to inform modern nation-states.
Persia.
Iran
An empire based on little capitalists (the small landholding farmers and shepherds).
The Persian Empire......I believe the Hakhamaneshian and Sassanid Dynasties.
He followed his assassinated father Philip's plan to take over the Persian Empire.
Nationalism is a modern concept arising from the formation of Nation-States in the 19th Century BCE. The Persian Empire comprised a mix of tribes, principalities and petty kingdoms and city-states under Persian provincial governors and a central king and his council.
Qatar is the nation that extends into the Persian Gulf.
Kuwait is an "oil nation on the Persian Gulf"Kuwait is one.
Germany and France
He initiated a complex system of taxation and governance. All citizens payed taxes to the state. The empire was split into many provinces, each of which had a governor, general, and treasurer to manage certain duties within the province. This set the standard for management of a nation from then unto present day.
Bahrain is the Island nation in the Gulf.
The Ottoman Empire was a nation.