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The Spanish overthrow of the Aztec and Inca civilizations was primarily facilitated by superior military technology, including firearms and steel weapons, which gave them a significant advantage in battles. Additionally, the Spanish exploited existing rivalries among indigenous groups and formed alliances with those who opposed the Aztecs and Incas. The introduction of diseases like smallpox also devastated native populations, weakening their ability to resist conquest. Lastly, the Spanish were driven by a desire for wealth, particularly in gold and silver, which motivated their aggressive expansion.

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