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Cleopatra was the last member of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which was founded by Ptolemy I Soter, a general of Alexander the great, when he made himself king in 305 BC.

Before Ptolemy I, the rulers were Alexander the Great and members of his family. Alexander ruled from 332 to 323. He was followed, nominally, by his half brother and son, from 323 to 305, but the actual ruler during this time was Ptolemy, who was acting as governor.

Alexander took Egypt from the Persian emperor Artaxerxes III, who had ruled it from 343 to 332.

Before that, it had been ruled for some time by native Egyptian pharaohs.

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