The Olmecs were an ancient civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica, particularly in present-day southern Mexico, from around 1400 to 400 BCE. Often considered the "mother culture" of later Mesoamerican societies, they are known for their monumental stone heads, sophisticated urban centers, and early forms of writing and calendrical systems. The Olmecs significantly influenced subsequent cultures, including the Maya and Aztecs, through their art, religion, and social organization. Their legacy continues to be studied for insights into the region's early history.