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During the time of Augustine (354-430 AD), "pagans" referred to those who practiced traditional polytheistic religions of the Roman Empire, which included the worship of various deities and adherence to local cults and rituals. Many pagans were adherents of ancient Roman religions, while others followed Greek, Egyptian, or other regional beliefs. Augustine, a Christian theologian, often engaged with pagan philosophy and religion in his writings, particularly in his efforts to articulate and defend Christian doctrine against pagan beliefs. By Augustine's time, Christianity was becoming more dominant, leading to a gradual decline of pagan practices.

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