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The Greek city-states in Asia Minor were originally colonies of the Greek cities of mainland Greece, and they called on their mother cities for support when in trouble.

When these city-states within Darius' empire in Asia Minor revolted, the mainland Greek city-states Eretria and Athens sent forces to support them, and in the process burnt down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis.

To prevent further interventions Darius sent a punitive expedition to take control of the two cities and install local Greek tyrants sympathetic to his cause to control them, and act as a warning to other mainland Greek cities not to intervene in Asia on behalf of the Greek cities which had been their colonies. This expeditionary force captured Eretria but was defeated at the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE by Athens and its ally Plataea.

He planned a second stronger attack but died before he could mount it, leaving it to his son Xerxes to carry it through. That expedition also failed at the battles of Salamis, Plataea and Mycale.in 480-479 BCE.

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