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A high sodium ion gradient is maintained outside the cell while a high potassium ion gradient is maintained on the inside of the cell via the sodium-potassium exchange occurring in and out of the cell because of an enzyme on the cell membrane. The most important ions in the extracellular fluid are the mentioned potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions, as well as calcium (Ca+), chloride (Cl-), and Hydrogen carbonate (HCO-)

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