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The abundance of food by the 18th century was caused by new agricultural methods and technologies. Increasingly, the new technologies replaced farm workers, forcing them to look for work. Cities offered labor opportunities, by the late 18th to early 19th centuries, in factories and other industries. Hence, people increasingly left the countryside for the city in a process called urbanization.

The abundance of food also permitted longer lifespans, higher fertility rates and lower infant mortality rates which allowed for surging populations in Europe. In other words, there were more people across Europe in general.

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