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Q: How sigma level affects in electron density map?
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Diffrentiate between sigma and pi bond?

Sigma bonds are those lie on the axis between two atoms. Pi bonds are non axial with electron density above and below. For example in methane the bonds are all single bonds and single bonds are always sigma bonds as the electron density maximum is between the two bonded atoms. this bond can be thought of being formed by the overlap of an sp3 hybrids orbital on the carbon and an s orbital on the hydrogen. In ethene (ethylene), a molecule where all of the atoms lie in the same plane, there is sigma bond (sp2 hybrid on each carbon overlapping) and a pi bond with electron density above and below the sigma bond which is formed by the overlap of p orbitals that are at right angles to the plane of the molecule. See wikipedia "ethylene" for pretty pictures.


What is a sigma bond?

A sigma bond is a molecular bond made by the joining of the wavefunctions of either an s to an s orbital, an s to a pz orbital, a pz to a pz orbital or a dz2 to a dz2 orbital. Sigma bonds are the strongest of the molecular bonds (the others being the pi and delta bonds) and has the maximum electron density directly between the nuclei with no nodal planes and cylindrical symmetry (for the bonding variety, since sigma antibonds have no electron density between the nuclei). For bonds between small elements (such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen), one bond in a single, double, or triple bond is always a sigma bond (the others are pi bonds).


Why alkyl group is an electron donating group when attached to a pi system please explain?

Alkyl groups are electron donating because they have a lower electronegativity than the atoms in the pi system (such as carbon or nitrogen). The alkyl group donates electron density to the pi system through its sigma bonds, thereby increasing the electron density in the pi system. This electron donation stabilizes the pi system and can affect its reactivity.


When going from a three sigma quality level to a six sigma quality level?

The number of defects is reduced exponentially.


Why a triple bond should not have 2 sigma bonds?

Sigma bonds lie along the bond axis - between any two atoms you can only have one sigma bond along the axis. Triple bonds encountered in organic chemistry have 1 sigma and two pi bonds( pi bons are "at right angles" to one another and the electron density is between the atoms but does not lie along the bond axis.


The absence of sigma factor in RNA polymerase?

affects both initiation and elongation.....


Why electron density increase on ortho para positon?

I am assuming that you are refering to a benzene ring, with some sort of subsituent group attached? If this is the case, the electron density of a benzene ring can be altered by attaching different substiuent groups to it. A group can either push electron density into the ring or withdraw it. If electron density is pushed into the ring from the substituent, either along a sigma bond or through the pi system, then the density is concentrated at the orthro and para positions due to the resonance structures formed when attacked by an electrophile at either of these postions. Very difficult to explain properly without pictures, I am sorry. Wikipedia has a page, with more detail under the Ortho/para director heading: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution


Six sigma as a performance management tool?

a six sigma performance level correspond to how many ppm


What does one electron from one atom and one electron from another atom form?

Together they form a chemical bond.A sigma or pi bond


How many electron are in oxygen and hydrogen?

H-O-H Four altogether. Two per sigma bond. One electron from the hydrogen ( it's only one ) and one from the oxygen. in two seperate sigma bonds.


What is a Sigma Conversion Chart?

The Sigma Conversion chart is a chart that tells you the sigma level your process is functioning based on the number of defective items you produce per million. For ex: 6 sigma is - 3 to 4 defects per million whereas 5 sigma is 230 defects per million and so on...


What level of sigma certification is better for consulting?

Sigma Green Belt certification helps the employee serve as a trained team member within his or her function-specific area of the organization and the Sigma Black Belt Training provides you with a thorough knowledge of Six Sigma philosophies and principles. You would probably learn more if you choose the Black Belt level, but it would also be more difficult.