Only the upper class - the Council (Gerousia) of 30 members, aged over 60, determined matters to be put before the citiizen assembly, and provided the judiciary.
Sparta had substantial territory, and was an agricultural economy. With limited land, Athens had to move into trade. The Spartan workforce was comprised of serfs, who grew produce and gave half to the Spartan citizens. Athens had a mixed workforce of small farmers, tradesmen and traders, supplemented by the work of a large slave population. Spartan citizens, supported by the serf contributions, spent their time in training for war to defend their country. Athens developed an empire which it milked to provide money to aggrandise Athens , maintain naval power as an enforcer over its empire, and to pay for half its citizens in public service jobs.
Athens had slaves male and female, who served families in their everyday farming and domestic life. There were also public slaves who were used in state buildings and activities. Even the archers of the army were Scythian slaves, who also doubled as a police force. Sparta had helots - serfs who had a plot of land to which they were bound and gave part of their produce to the Spartan they were allotted to. They were also used as light infantry and archers for the army.
It changed over time. Basically in Athens adult males made up the citizen body and the army and navy; women were kept at home in virtual purdah running the family and household. There was a large number of public and privately owned slaves with no rights and provided a workforce to help run the city and farms. There were also resident aliens who had no rights but were expected to help defend the city. In Sparta the citizens formed the army, and used serfs to farm the land. Women had a degree of equality, the serfs were bound to the land and used as light infantry.
Sparta had a more militaristic state than Athens. Sparta had all men training for the military at age seven and ending at age sixty (so basically their whole life was for the military). Also, Sparta valued women much more than Athens. In Athens, women had no rights at all and were only there to reproduce and to clean up after the men and manage the home. They also took care of the babies. Unlike the Sparta women who were allowed to have military training (but could not serve in the military), play sports, learn about the arts, go out in public, and own property/stores. Those from Sparta were descendants of the Dorian invaders, however those from Athens were descendants of the Ionians. Athens founded democracy, and believed that the individual was important, while Sparta believed in the state rather than the individual, with a government based on a oligarchic system. Sparta based their society on the repression of 'Helots' (slaves). Athens freed their slaves and abolished debt slavery.
Sparta had sparse living accommodations. Sparta had boys removed from the family and living in dormitories. Spartan men ate to be strong warriors. They slept nude and were allowed to gather thistle down to add to their beds made of reeds. Athens had simple homes. Art was seen as a public activity. The rich had tables and chairs made of wicker, wood, metal or marble. Beds had cushions of wool, hay, leaves or feathers.
YES.
Athens
equal rights.
In many districts judges are elected officials, so they are dependent upon the voting public.
it took away the right to criticize public officials
There are no officials in a direct democracy, in a direct democracy all citizens vote on all the issues, unlike a representative or an indirect democracy (which is what the united states is). In a indirect democracy citizens of voting age who are registered to vote elect officials.
The people who contact public officials to express their wishes are generally called constituents or citizens. They may also be referred to as lobbyists, activists, or advocates depending on their specific role or purpose in contacting the officials.
The address of the Sparta Public Library is: 211 West Broadway Street, Sparta, 62286 1634
Recall election
Recall election
citizens attending public meetings of elected officials -Coscu
The phone number of the Sparta Public Library is: 618-443-5014.