Problem with heart what does PDA mean?

Answer 1

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect wherein a child's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Symptoms are uncommon but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain. In older children or adults the PDA may lead to congestive heart failure if left uncorrected. PDA, is a heart condition that is normal but reverses soon after birth. In a persistent PDA, there is an irregular transmission of blood between two of the most important arteries in close proximity to the heart. Although the ductus arteriosus normally seals off within a few days, in PDA, the newborn's ductus arteriosus does not close, but remains patent. PDA is common in infants with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature children. In hypoxic newborns, too little oxygen reaches the lungs to produce sufficient levels of bradykinin and subsequent closing of the DA. Premature children are more likely to be hypoxic and thus have PDA because of their underdeveloped heart and lungs. A Patent Ductus Arteriosus allows that portion of the oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs (following the pressure gradient from the higher pressure aorta to the pulmonary arteries). If this shunt amount is substantial, the infant becomes short of breath because there is not only the normal amount of unoxygenated blood that has returned from the body to go to the lungs but in addition there is the amount shunted through the PDA. The infant's work of breathing is increased, using up more calories and often interfering with feeding in infancy. This condition as a constellation of findings is called congestive heart failure. In some cases, such as in transposition of the great vessels (the pulmonary artery and the aorta), a PDA may need to remain open. In this cardiovascular condition, the PDA is the only way that oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood. In these cases, prostaglandins are used to keep the patent ductus arteriosus open. While some cases of PDA are asymptomatic, common symptoms include: * tachycardia or other arrhythmia * respiratory problems * shortness of breath * continuous machine-like murmur * enlarged heart PDA is usually diagnosed using non-invasive techniques. Echocardiography, in which sound waves are used to capture the motion of the heart, and associated Doppler studies are the primary methods of detecting PDA. Electrocardiography (ECG), in which electrodes are used to record the electrical activity of the heart, is not particularly helpful as there are no specific rhythms or ECG patterns which can be used to detect PDA. A chest X-ray may be taken, which reveals the overall size of infant's heart (as a reflection of the combined mass of the cardiac chambers) and the appearance of the blood flow to the lungs. A small PDA most often shows a normal sized heart and normal blood flow to the lungs. A large PDA generally shows an enlarged cardiac silhouette and increased blood flow to the lungs. Infants without adverse symptoms may simply be monitored as outpatients, while symptomatic PDA can be treated with both surgical and non-surgical methods.[1] Surgically, the DA may be closed by ligation, wherein the DA is manually tied shut, or with intravascular coils or plugs that leads to formation of a thrombus in the DA. Fluid restriction and prostaglandin inhibitors such as indomethacin have also been used in successful non-surgical closure of the DA. This is an especially viable alternative for premature infants. In certain cases it may be beneficial to the newborn to prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus. For example, in transposition of the great vessels a PDA may prolong the child's life until surgical correction is possible. The ductus arteriosus can be induced to remain open by administering prostaglandin analogs such as alprostadil (a prostaglandin E1 analog). Recent days PDA can be closed by percutaneous interventional method, through femoral vein or femoral artery, a coil can be placed with the help of myocardial forceps to make an embolus, which closes the PDA without any surgery. Also A (Personal Digital Assistant) refers to a hand-held device that incorporates several handy features.

PDAs often include an address book, calendar, contacts list, and a memo feature.

Most modern PDAs support internet access and include software you would normally find on an office computer, such as word processing and spreadsheet software.

Below are some typical features you will find in modern PDAs * Integrated WLAN adaptors * Integrated microphone and speaker * 240x320 screen resolution * USB ports * Microsoft Outlook * Microsoft Internet Explorer The operating systems are specially designed for PDAs, the performance depends on the processor speed and memory, a typical PDA would boast a 300MHz processor and 64MB of ram.