This is normally called a profile or profile view.
anywhere
It is an unposed photo often taken without the subject's permission.
An air photo is an aerial photograph - a photograph taken from the air.
Photographs are taken in a lot of places, but often professional photos are taken in a photography studio.
You can't. But I think when the taken photo is on the computer, you can do something about it.
One common term for such photos is a "satellite photograph" but this usually refers to photos of earth taken from satellites. There can be other terms depending on what or who is taking the photo and what the photo is of.
No everyone will have taken a panorama photo.
You can have your photo taken by a street photographer. Or you can have photos taken in Kandahar.
Christian's photo
anywhere
When a photo is taken, unless other arrangements (such as work made for hire) have been made, the photographer automatically controls the copyright. Anyone else claiming copyright on it would be infringing the creator's rights.
You can get a passport photo taken at various locations such as post offices, drugstores, and photography studios.
You can get a visa photo taken at a local pharmacy, post office, or a professional photography studio that offers passport and visa photo services.
that you got married with someone
I'm not entirely sure that I understand the question. If your question is "If a photo has Jupiter half in sunlight and half in shadow, will this allow you to calculate where the photo was taken?", then the answer is "Yes, but only if you know the exact TIME when the photo was taken." If the photo was taken by a spacecraft, then we can only calculate the line of position along which the photo was taken. Depending on the quality of the lens and the magnification used, the photo may have been taken from a position close to Jupiter or one farther away.
The photo to be featured on the NRL grandfinal trophy was taken in between 1946 and 1947
The photo featuring Windows 10 themes was taken in Seattle, Washington.