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Phylum arthropoda is characterized by their exoskeleton, or "wearing" the anatomical compoent providing structure on the outside; whereas chordates usually have an internal skeleton or at least a notochord. Chordates like fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals are recognizable by having some kind of spinal column. (Chordates without a formal backbone still would not have an exoskeleton like the arthropods).

Chemical differences are also apparent, the bulk of arthropod skeletons are made from proteins including the tough long-chain polymer chitin, whereas chordates usually employ bones made from mineral compounds like those of calcium and phosphorus.

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