0
Where do the electrons come from in proton proton chain reaction if hydrogen has only a proton in its atom?
Wiki User
∙ 10y ago
when the 2 Hydrogen nuclei fuse, one of the protons is changed to a neutron via beta + decay, this produces an atom of Deuterium, a positron (beta + particle) and a neutrino. This positron will only travel a short distance before contacting an electron and annihilating each other to convert their masses and kinetic energies into the energy of the photons.
The electron is most probably a free electron, as the high temperatures involved in Nuclear fusion would have provided enough energy to ionise electrons from their parent atom.
Wiki User
∙ 10y ago
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
What happens to the neutrinos that are produced in the proton-proton chain?
They head out of the sun at nearly the speed of light
What are electron transport chains made up of?
The majority of the energy conserved during catabolism reactions occurs near the end of the metabolic series of reactions in the electron transport chain. The electron transport or respiratory chain gets its name from the fact electrons are transported to meet up with oxygen from respiration at the end of the chain. The overall electron chain transport reaction is:2 H+ + 2 e+ + 1/2 O2 ---> H2O + energyNotice that 2 hydrogen ions, 2 electrons, and an oxygen molecule react to form as a product water with energy released in an exothermic reaction. This relatively straight forward reaction actually requires eight or more steps. The energy released is coupled with the formation of three ATP molecules per every use of the electron transport chain.Link to a complete animated version of Electron Transport - Brooks-ColeLink to: Rodney Boyer Animation of Electron TransportPre-Initiation of Electron Transport Chain:The electron transport chain is initiated by the reaction of an organic metabolite (intermediate in metabolic reactions) with the coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). This is an oxidation reaction where 2 hydrogen atoms (or 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons) are removed from the organic metabolite. (The organic metabolites are usually from the citric acid cycle and the oxidation of fatty acids--details in following pages.) The reaction can be represented simply where M = any metabolite.MH2 + NAD+ -----> NADH + H+ + M: + energyOne hydrogen is removed with 2 electrons as a hydride ion (H-) while the other is removed as the positive ion (H+). Usually the metabolite is some type of alcohol which is oxidized to a ketone.NAD+ is a coenzyme containing the B-vitamin, nicotinamide, shown on a previous page.The purpose of the other seven steps in the electron transport chain is threefold:1) to pass along 2H+ ions and 2e- to eventually react with oxygen;2) to conserve energy by forming three ATP's; and3) to regenerate the coenzymes back to their original form as oxidizing agents.Quiz: What are the initial reactants which start the electron transport chain?Answer2 hydrogen ionsand 2 electronsstart the chain.Oxygen andADP are alsoreactants.What are the final products of the chain?Answer3 ATP and awater moleculeare products.Click for larger imageInitiation of Electron Transport Chain:Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cycle inside of the mitochondria, it interacts with the first complex 1 enzyme, known as NADH reductase. This complex 1 contains a coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is similar to FAD.The sequence of events is that the NADH, plus another hydrogen ion enter the enzyme complex and pass along the 2 hydrogen ions, ultimately to an interspace in the mitochondria. These hydrogen ions, acting as a pump, are utilized by ATP synthetase to produce an ATP for every two hydrogen ions produced. Three complexes (1, 3, 4) act in this manner to produce 2 hydrogen ions each, and thus will produce 3 ATP for every use of the complete electron transport chain.In addition, NADH passes along 2 electrons to first FMN, then to an iron-sulfur protein (FeS), and finally to coenzyme Q. The net effect of these reactions are to regenerate coenzyme NAD+. This regeneration of reactants occurs in many of the reactions so that a cycling effect occurs. The NAD+ is ready to react further with metabolites in the citric acid cycle.Coenzyme Q, which also picks up an additional 2 hydrogen ions to make CoQH2, is soluble in the lipid membrane and can move through the membrane to come into contact with enzyme complex 3.In summary, the very first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain is coupled with the formation of ATP. The coupled reaction may be written as:a) MH2 + NAD+ ---> NADH + H+ + M + energyb) ADP + P + energy ---> ATP + H2O
The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make what?
ATP molecules
What is a R-group?
an added chain of hydrogen to a molecule which varies to the size of the molecule its a combination of o and h
What molecules supply electrons to an electron transport chain?
Glucose. Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced here.
What is a proton-proton chain?
The proton-proton chain is the name given to one common fusion reaction occurring in stars by which hydrogen is converted to helium, along with the release of energy.
What does a main sequence star burn as fuel?
Hydrogen, via the proton-proton chain reaction.
How is the fusion done using hydrogen in the sun?
Hydrogen-1 is fused into helium-4. This happens at high temperatures - somewhere around 14 million kelvin (which, at such high temperatures, is the same as 14 million degrees Celsius, for all practical purposes). There are two main reaction chains that in stars: the proton-proton chain reaction, and the CNO cycle. I suggest you read the corresponding Wikipedia articles, if you want more details about each of the reaction chains. Anyway, in our Sun, the predominant reaction chain is the proton-proton chain reaction.
What process describes one helium atom from four hydrogen atoms?
Hydrogen fusion is the creation of helium by fusion of hydrogen. It sometimes goes by the term proton-proton chain reaction. Two protons and two neutrons are fused in this reaction to create the helium nucleus. Wikipedia has particulars and a link is provided.
What is a nuclear equation that shows the overall fusion cycle of the sun?
Nuclear fusion in sun is followed by proton proton chain reaction during this reaction hydrogen fused to form helium the main products of this reaction according to nuclear equation is - positron, neutrino, gamma ray photons, isotopes of hydrogen and helium
What is the net loss of hydrogen for each full cycle of the proton-proton- chain?
Four.
What is the net loss of hydrogen of each full cycle of the proton proton chain?
Four.
Do proton-proton chain convert four hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus?
Yes
What does hydrogen ions bind to during ATP Synthetase?
Electron Transport Chain. Molecules which carry electrons between photosystems, to build the hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP.
Can fission take place in the nucleus of hydrogen atom?
No, it cannot. Fission is the "splitting" of an atom, and a hydrogen atom will not fission. Some hydrogen atoms have a neutron stuck to the proton in their nucleus. Some even have two neutrons stuck to that proton. These neutrons can be "knocked loose" in something like a nuclear chair reaction in a weapon. The neutrons then can contribute to the building of the nuclear chain reaction. But fission doesn't happen to hydrogen.
What equation represents a reaction taking place in these stars?
There are many sorts of reactions that take place in stars, in the sun for instance the main nuclear chain reaction isP-P ( Proton-Proton ), in general the hydrogen consumed and turns into helium and by the way it produces a lot of energy.
How many electrons can a NADH molecule carry?
The electron transport chain is also known as the respiratory chain. NADH carries electrons in the form of hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.
