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When the Greek cities of Asia Minor revolted against Persian rule in 499 BCE, Eretria and Athens sent contingents to join them and Athens led an expedition in 498 BCE which captured and burnt down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis. This caused the Persian king Darius to send a punitive expedition to establish Persian-appointed tyrants to keep the two cities under control. The Persian force captured Eretria, but was defeated by Athens at Marathon.

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