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No, by itself a thermocouple can only measure temperature difference between two points (junctions) in a circuit. To use a thermocouple as a temperature sensor, you must know the temperature of one junction by some other means. Often an additional temperature sensor is used. However, in some applications temperature difference is enough. For example, in gas appliances a thermocouple detects presence of a flame because the flame is much hotter than room temperature-- you don't need to actually measure the flame temperature.

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Yes, it is. If you look up "thermocouple" in Wikipedia, you will find a very detailed

explanation of how and why they work.

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