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Not counting the Sun itself, Proxima Centauri can be the nearest star that we know about.

Proxima (Alpha Centauri C) is part of the Alpha Centauri system. Depending on where it is in its orbit, it might be closer to us than Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, or it might be further away.

Astronomers also aren't absolutely positive that the Sun doesn't have a distant binary red or brown dwarf companion. Such a companion would be difficult for us to detect. This hypothetical companion has even been given a name, just in case we end up finding it: Nemesis.

It currently seems unlikely that Nemesis exists. The WISE survey (which could have detected stellar objects with a surface temperature of just 150 Kelvin - far below freezing - at a distance of 10 light years, considerably further away than the Alpha Centauri system) should have found it if it were there. Also, the reason it was originally hypothesized to exist (periodic mass extinctions on Earth, the reason for the name Nemesis) is no longer considered to be consistent with the proposed Nemesis mechanism.

So, after all that: Probably yes, at least part of the time.

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