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Toba caldera in Indonesia is the largest Holocene volcanic 'crater' in the world. This volcano erupted approximately 75,000 years ago and is thought to have nearly driven humankind to extinction, reducing the population to around 5,000 individuals worldwide. Yellowstone caldera in Wyoming, USA is probably the second largest, but the most active thermally speaking. These are examples of active 'supervolcanoes' that have a VEI (Volcanic Eruption Index) of 7 or greater.

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