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On March 1, 1966 the Venera 3 Soviet space probe crash-landed on Venus,

becoming the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet. The

descent capsule of Venera 4 entered the atmosphere of Venus on October 18, 1967,

making it the first probe to return direct measurements from another planet's atmosphere.

None of these missions reached the surface while still transmitting.

The first successful landing on Venus was by Venera 7 on December 15, 1970.

It remained in contact with Earth for 23 minutes, relaying surface temperatures.

Venera 8 landed on July 22, 1972. In addition to pressure and temperature

profiles, a photometer showed that the clouds of Venus formed a layer, ending

over 22 miles above the surface.

The Soviet probe Venera 9 entered orbit on October 22, 1975, becoming the first

artificial satellite of Venus. The 1,455 lb descent vehicle separated from Venera 9

and landed, taking the first pictures of the surface and analyzing the crust.

On October 25, 1975 Venera 10 arrived and carried out a similar program of study.

In 1978, NASA sent two Pioneer spacecraft to Venus. Four probes entered the

Venusian atmosphere on December 9, followed by the delivery vehicle. Although

not expected to survive the descent through the atmosphere, one probe did

continue to operate for 45 minutes after reaching the surface.

Also in 1978, Venera 11 and Venera 12 flew past Venus, dropping descent

vehicles on December 21 and December 25 respectively. Each lander made

measurements with a nephelometer, mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph,

and a cloud-droplet chemical analyzer. Strong lightning activity was also

detected.

In 1981, the Soviet Venera 13 sent the first colour image of Venus's surface and

analysed the X-ray fluorescence of an excavated soil sample. The probe

operated for a record 127 minutes on the planet's hostile surface.

Also in 1981, the Venera 14 lander detected possible seismic activity in the

planet's crust.

In December 1984, during the apparition of Halley's Comet, the Soviet Union

launched the two Vega probes to Venus. Vega 1 and Vega 2 encountered Venus

in June 1985, each deploying a lander and an instrumented helium balloon.

The landing vehicles carried experiments focusing on cloud aerosol composition

and structure. They were the last probes to land on Venus for decades.

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