The red giants are very bright and have a relatively low temperature, but they are still red hot, that's why they glow red and not white. Have a look at Betelgeuse or Aldebaran in binoculars, or Antares if you get a chance in the summer, and compare them with a white star like Rigel or Vega.
Red giants.
A good example of a medium size star is the Sun, which is very average. Luminosity is measured by the star's absolute magnitude, which is the magnitude seen from a standard distance of ten parsecs (32.6 light-years), and the Sun's absolute magnitude is +4.7. A factor of 100 increase in luminosity corresponds to 5 magnitudes less (larger magnitudes mean dimmer stars). The brightest stars have absolute magnitudes around -7.
Does it mean that the star is a main sequesnce star? ( . Y . ) The above isn't true. A star can be a blue supergiant and be on the main sequence but still not be even visible to us, therefore the apparent and absolute magnitude wouldn't be the same. But to answer your question, I don't think it has a name, it just means that you are seeing the star's absolute and apparent magnitude at the same time, so if you placed the star at 32.6 light years away(the absolute magnitude scale)then the star would not appear to change in brightness
Stars in their Main Sequence stage have generally proportional temperature and color. The color-temperature spectrum of a star ranges from red (2000-3000 Kelvins) to blue (25,000+ Kelvins). Red Giants have a relatively high luminosity and low temperatures. White dwarfs have relatively low luminosity and high temperatures. Main Sequence stars are proportional temperature/color therefore they can vary from relatively high luminosity and temperature to relatively low luminosity and temperature.Absolute Magnitude is the star's genuine brightness. It's apparent magnitude is it's brightness from earth. A star can only be accurately classified once data on it's absolute magnitude is acquired.
It affects the internal structure of main-sequence stars because they have very high central temperatures for the extreme temperature sensitivity of the CNO cycle to fuse hydrogen into helium.
supergiant
There are two terms used to describe a stars brightness, absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude. The one you want is absolute magnitude - this is where the stars distance from us is taken out of the equation, effectively comparing the stars brightness side by side from a set distance (10 parsecs or 32.6 light years). Apparent magnitude is the other measure, this is how bright a star apparently looks from Earth. The huge distances and range of distances involved means that you can have very bright stars (high absolute magnitude) that apparently look as bright as a much closer but dimmer (low absolute magnitude) star - their apparent magnitudes might be similar, but they may have vastly different absolute magnitudes.
Red giants.
A good example of a medium size star is the Sun, which is very average. Luminosity is measured by the star's absolute magnitude, which is the magnitude seen from a standard distance of ten parsecs (32.6 light-years), and the Sun's absolute magnitude is +4.7. A factor of 100 increase in luminosity corresponds to 5 magnitudes less (larger magnitudes mean dimmer stars). The brightest stars have absolute magnitudes around -7.
The cause is the very high temperature.
For a long times, it was considered to be VY Canis Majoris, but new studies have reduced its size. The present record is held by UY Scuti at 1708 times the diameter of the Sun. That works out to about 2,250,000,000km.
The red giants like Betelgeuse and Antares are bright and - relatively - cool.
Probably. It is an extremely bright star (a very high absolute magnitude), with a high mass, and such stars tend to end up as a supernova.
Does it mean that the star is a main sequesnce star? ( . Y . ) The above isn't true. A star can be a blue supergiant and be on the main sequence but still not be even visible to us, therefore the apparent and absolute magnitude wouldn't be the same. But to answer your question, I don't think it has a name, it just means that you are seeing the star's absolute and apparent magnitude at the same time, so if you placed the star at 32.6 light years away(the absolute magnitude scale)then the star would not appear to change in brightness
The varying surface temperature of stars emits varying "temperature" electromagnetic radiation. Hot stars are a brilliant white when looking at only visible light while cooler stars are redder. However to human eyes specifically, most stars will always look pure white due to them emitting visible EM radiation at equal levels. Heat = energy. High energy = high energy EM radiation. All light is electromagnetic radiation mind you.
Sufficient quantity of hydrogen at a very high pressure and temperature
Starting the fusion reactions required high density and high heat.