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NASA became the US civilian space agency as the successor to NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) on October 1, 1958. The earliest US satellites were launched by the military, such as the US Army's Ballistic Missile Agency (Explorer I, January 31, 1958) and the US Navy's Project Vanguard (Vanguard I, March 17, 1958).

NASA was involved in a string of unsuccessful launch attempts, notably the Beacon series. Its first success was with the Navy's Vanguard 2 on February 17, 1959 (this satellite is still orbiting the Earth), and NASA continued the Explorer series with Explorer 7 on October 13, 1959.

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