Research and development costs are typically considered an operating expense and are included in SG&A (Selling, General, and Administrative) expenses rather than cost of goods sold (COGS). This is because R&D expenses are incurred to create future benefits, such as new products or improved processes, rather than to directly produce goods for sale.
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selling expense
cost of goods sold... which is an expense.... when you see FOB freight in/out is and then is added to purchases later on to calculate COGS
COGS is expense account and all expenses has debit balance as default normal balance so COGS also has debit balance.
Selling expense or a part of SG&A
Cogs, or toothed wheels, have been used in machinery since ancient times. The concept of cogs dates back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, but they were not standardized until the Middle Ages. They became a crucial component in the development of complex machinery and gear systems.
Operational expenditure is expense of "Operations" like insurance for the company or rent for a warehouse. Cost of goods sold is expense directly related to preparing something for sale. For example: A gas bill for a pizza oven, used to bake the pizzas sold, is a COGS.
Abnormal spolage is part of overhead expenses, as it is viewed as a cost of running the operation, rather than a direct cost. Note that normal spoilage (uncontrolable) is part of COGS
"Cogs in motion" is a metaphorical phrase referring to the efficient and smooth operation of a system or organization, where each component is working together harmoniously to achieve a goal. Just like the cogs in a machine that move together to make it function properly, "cogs in motion" suggests teamwork, coordination, and synergy among individuals or parts of a larger whole.
If the question is "Should utilities such as power and phone be accounted for through Cost of Goods Sold?" the answer is no. Utilities are an expense.
what are cogs made out of
there isn't a exact number af cogs because there can be millions of cogs
The carriage inwards is an expense added to purchases under COGS. It is a credit entry in the icome statement, thus it reduces the gross profit