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What else can I help you with?
Avalanche photo diode?
Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are photo detectors that can be regarded as the semiconductor analog to photomultiplier's. By applying a high reverse bias voltage (typically 100-200 V in silicon), APDs show an internal current gain effect (around 100) due to impact ionization (avalanche effect). However, some silicon APDs employ alternative doping and beveling techniques compared to traditional APDs that allow greater voltage to be applied (> 1500 V) before breakdown is reached and hence a greater operating gain (> 1000). In general, the higher the reverse voltage the higher the gain. Among the various expressions for the APD multiplication factor (M), an instructive expression is given by the formula :
What are the types of photon detector?
The main types of photon detectors include photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). PMTs offer high sensitivity and fast response times, while APDs provide high speed and lower noise levels. SiPMs are gaining popularity due to their compact size, low operating voltage, and high photon detection efficiency.
Do people who always lie reflect antisocial personality disorder?
People with APDs often lie a lot, but continual lying without other antisocial characteristics is usually a pathological condition of its own. See the link below.
What has the author Stefan Vasile written?
Stefan Vasile has written: 'Studies of Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) as readout devices for scintillating fibers for high energy gamma-ray astronomy telescopes' -- subject(s): Charged particles, Gamma rays, Space exploration, Low noise, Satellite-borne instruments, Scintillating fibers, Gamma ray telescopes, Avalanche diodes
Where is antisocial personality disorder most prominent?
Antisocial Personality Disorder is found worldwide. It seems less common in countries and societies that have limited personal freedom, but it may simply be that more APDs in those societies find ways to fit in and stay out of trouble. Worldwide, approximately 2-3% of the population express APD symptoms, of which roughly two thirds to three quarters are men.
What are the different types of pn junction diodes?
guide. The emission peak is not as narrow as LDs but not as broadband as LEDs. Midway in terms of luminous efficiency, but as they are still under research, manufacturing and wall plug efficiency needs to catch up.avalanche photodiode: used as a detector element in long distance fibre-optic communications, because of its built-in gain mechanism. Unlike other optical technologies, silicon & germanium APDs work rather well. More noise than a simple PIN junction diode.impact ionisation avalanche transit time IMPATT diode(mentioned before): Has been at the forefront of microwave technology in the past 40 years. Now in the forefront of THz technologies. Very poor efficiency and suffers from phase noise, but if bulk radiation of power is what you care about and not so much quality, this may be an options for radiatiated powers up to 10W, depending on frequency. For more than that, non-diode emitters are required (or an array). Not much use beyond RF.Varactors or varicaps (also mentioned before): essentially a pn junction encased with highly doped contact regions, run in reverse bias. Essentially this is a device engineer to benefit from the charge enhancement that happens across the plates and could be used as a tuning diode. Most semiconductor junctions exhibit some degree of charge trapping, but may not be measurable.Tunnel diode or Esaki diode: 60 years ago it was your only hope to get 2.4GHz or so, these were made using very thin Germanium pn junctions. Nobel price in Physics 1973, was jointly awarded for the discovery & demonstration & modelling of this effect in condensed matter. There are updated versions today (BARITT, TUNETT...), slightly more sophisticated, but their cut-off frequency suffers from the dielectric constant limitation of the material, hence the approaches below may be better.
What are the types of pn junction diode?
guide. The emission peak is not as narrow as LDs but not as broadband as LEDs. Midway in terms of luminous efficiency, but as they are still under research, manufacturing and wall plug efficiency needs to catch up.avalanche photodiode: used as a detector element in long distance fibre-optic communications, because of its built-in gain mechanism. Unlike other optical technologies, silicon & germanium APDs work rather well. More noise than a simple PIN junction diode.impact ionisation avalanche transit time IMPATT diode(mentioned before): Has been at the forefront of microwave technology in the past 40 years. Now in the forefront of THz technologies. Very poor efficiency and suffers from phase noise, but if bulk radiation of power is what you care about and not so much quality, this may be an options for radiatiated powers up to 10W, depending on frequency. For more than that, non-diode emitters are required (or an array). Not much use beyond RF.Varactors or varicaps (also mentioned before): essentially a pn junction encased with highly doped contact regions, run in reverse bias. Essentially this is a device engineer to benefit from the charge enhancement that happens across the plates and could be used as a tuning diode. Most semiconductor junctions exhibit some degree of charge trapping, but may not be measurable.Tunnel diode or Esaki diode: 60 years ago it was your only hope to get 2.4GHz or so, these were made using very thin Germanium pn junctions. Nobel price in Physics 1973, was jointly awarded for the discovery & demonstration & modelling of this effect in condensed matter. There are updated versions today (BARITT, TUNETT...), slightly more sophisticated, but their cut-off frequency suffers from the dielectric constant limitation of the material, hence the approaches below may be better.
How has the Falkland's war influenced modern warship design?
The Falkands War had a major influence in not so much the design of warships, but int he armament that was employed on them. One of the major concerns during the Falkands War was the Exocet anti-ship missile, which could be launched from air forces employed during the conflict. Up until that point, there was no reliable method for fighting anti-ship missiles other than to try and not let the launching platform close range to the ship that was being protected. This basically meant that the Argentine planes that were in the area could not close to within the effective range of the missile. Therfore, after the war, much emphasis was placed on designing a weapon system that could be placed onboard a warship that would protect it from missiles fired at it. The Flakands War took place in 1982, and the CIWS Phalanx weapon system had been operationally tested by 1977, but had not been fully completed. Although no direct corrolation can be made to the final developemtn of CIWS and the Flakand War, it can be well assumed that due to the increasing threat from Exocet missiles, the CIWS Phalanx system was placed into full production as a shipboard missile defense system. Below of the specifications of that system: Primary FunctionAnti-ship missile defense Contractor Raytheon Systems Company(formerly Hughes Missile Systems Company and purchased from General Dynamics Pomona Division in 1992) Weight 12,500 pounds (5,625 kg)Later models 13,600 pounds (6,120 kg) Range Classified Gun Type M-61A1 Gatling Type of Fire 3,000 rounds per minute- Later models 4,500 rounds/min(starting 1988 production, Pneumatic Gun Drive) Magazine Capacity 989 roundsLater models 1,550 rounds Caliber 20mm AmmunitionArmor Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS),Depleted Uranium or Tungsten sub-caliber penetrator. Sensors Self-contained search and track radar Search Radar Ku-band; digital MTI Track Radar Ku-band; pulse Doppler monopulse E/O Sensor FLIR Imaging System with Automatic ACQ Tracker Fire Control Director with closed-loop spotting Gun Drive Pneumatic Mount Drive Electric Date Deployed 1980 (aboard USS Coral Sea)Later models 1988 (aboard USS Wisconsin) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I doubt that the Falklands War had any great effect on warship design because the big battle was cancelled by a torpedo from a Brit sub. The Brit warships certainly had more futuristic weapons, but the older Argentine warships armed with guns instead of missiles were capable of sustaining much more damage. It is forever debatable which side would have won in a fleet encounter, and perhaps Argentina could have done no worse than to continue with their attack after their cruiser was sunk by the Brit sub. If this war had any effect on warship design, it was to continue the trend of building cheap and disposable warships with ever more fancy missiles and rapid-fire popguns. * The French Exocet missile (unlike the USN Harpoon and other anti-shipping missiles) has proved itself in war in 1982 and 1987. It is incapable of sinking a ship, but it can put a cheap warship like HMS Sheffield or USS Stark out of action. Sheffield was written off as a loss. It would have been less expensive to write off the Stark, but the ship was repaired at great cost to US taxpayers for reasons of national pride. * The Phalanx CIWS is made by General Dynamics which, presumably for reasons of basic geometry, advised the US Navy to place it on the main deck at the height which an enemy missile would approach, but the US Navy wanted it up high where everyone could see it. The Stark was hit before the 20mm could be brought to bear, and the captain of the Stark was made as a scapegoat. As with the Falklands War, no warship design changes were introduced as a result of this incident that this contributor knows of. A warship is not likely to see combat anymore, and those that do are disposable. * This contributor remembers seeing a half-page magazine advertisement for the Phalanx CIWS in 1978 or '79. It was billed in the ad as "the Fastest Gun in the West," and presumably available for any Free World country that wanted to buy it.
What are symptoms of a sociopath?
There are 20 key traits which have been identified by pioneering psychologist Robert Hare. From what I know Glibness, Superficial Charm, Conning and Manipulative Behaviour, Sexual Promiscuity, Low Impulse Control, Emotional Poverty (aka flat affect) and, of course, No Conscience or Empathy are the key traits. They score a person either as a 0 (trait not present), 1 (trait present to a limited degree) or 2 (trait present to a great extent) for each of the 20 traits. A score of 30 out of 40 is the threshold for a diagnosis using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R). So, if you want to watch out for them then watch out for someone who seems to be quite arrogant, who successfully charms people (particularly women) but who, under the surface, is unpleasant and who leads a parasitic and criminal lifestyle. You won't get it right 100% of the time but these things are a good indication.
