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Overflow and underflow are conditions that occur in computing when a calculation exceeds the maximum or minimum limits of a data type, respectively. Overflow happens when a number exceeds the largest value a data type can hold, causing it to wrap around to the minimum value, while underflow occurs when a number is smaller than the smallest representable value, leading to it being rounded to zero or another minimal value. These issues can lead to incorrect results, errors, and vulnerabilities in programs, particularly in languages that do not automatically handle such conditions. Proper data type selection and error handling are essential to mitigate these issues.

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