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What is the role of T cells in a human body?
T cells are part of the adaptive immunity. There are two major types of T cells: CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells. T helper cells primarily function in humoral immunity whereas T cytotoxic cells are important in cell mediated immunity. T helper cells produce cytokines to activate other immune system components like macrophages, B cells, etc. whereas T cytotoxic cells primarily kill infected cells.
Will a mutation that occurs in a skin cell be passed on to organism offspring?
No, mutations that occur in skin cells are not passed on to organism offspring because they are not present in the germ cells (sperm or egg cells) that are involved in reproduction. Only mutations in the germ cells can be passed on to offspring.
What type of cell can differentiate into any kind of cell?
A stem cell can become any other type of specialized cell.
What is the function of the cytotoxic T cells?
Cytotoxic T cell's primary responsibility is to kill infected cells. I'll start from the beginning. From a progenitor cell in the bone marrow, the T cell will begin maturation in the thymus. In the thymus it begins in the cortex as a pro T cell. In this stage it is considered a double negative cell (I'll explain more later). Here it has the beta chain (V,D,J's) rearranged. Next it becomes a pre T cell. By now the T cell has finished rearranging its beta chain and now begins rearrangement of its alpha chain. Both the beta and alpha chain under go allelic exclusion. This prevents one of the alleles from being expressed (this would be mom's or dad's). If the pro T cell made a beta chain from your mothers allele, your father's allele would be suppressed. This is an important feature, otherwise you could accidentally make a stop codon and that would stop your T cell development right there. So as a pre T cell it continues to proliferate and it upregulates CD3, CD4 and CD8. You have two types of T cells that it can mature to. CD4 and CD8. A CD4 T cell is also known as a helper T cell and a CD8 T cell is also called a cytotoxic T cell. They function very differently but at this point the T cell doesn't know which one it will become. Therefore it is at this juncture a double positive thymocyte. The next phase is an immature T cell. Here the alpha chains have finished rearrangement (also allelic exclusion applies here). Now the cell will undergo positive and negative selection. The immature T cell is tested by thymic epithelial cells (TEC). TEC's have a unique feature that belongs to professional antigen presenting cells (APC's) and that is expressing both MHC class I and MHC class II on its cell surface. An immature T cell that can bind to a TEC's MHC class I or MHC class II is positively selected to continue maturation. This is an important step because ensures that your T cells are specific for your body's MHCs. However, if the immature sticks too strongly, it will be neglected and eventually die. You don't want a mature T cell that binds way too strongly on your own cells either. Those that don't bind at all will also die by neglect. The strict standards ends up killing about 95% of all maturing T cells. The immature T cell that was capable of binding to MHC class I molecule is signaled to become a CD8 or cytotoxic cell and the immature T cell that was capable of binding to MHC class II molecule is signaled to become a CD4 or helper T cell. Now that your immature T cells have been primed to your own body, it will undergo negative selection. In this process it is exposed to other types of cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Dendritic cells and macrophages are part of your APCs. If the T cell binds too strongly it will also die by neglect. Congratulations! Your immature T cell is now a mature naive T cell. It is now ready to leave your thymus and it will be stored mainly in your lymph nodes to await an infection. Now that your cytotoxic T (CD8) cell has been made, it waits in your lymph node for an infection. A dendritic cell (remember these guys? they are present all over your body) will come in through an afferent lymphatic vessel from the source of infection. An important feature of cytotoxic T cells is that it targets cytoplasmic infection, or more specifically viruses. Generally viruses proliferate within a cell and antibodies cannot get to them if the virus is residing inside one of your own cells. So the dendritic cell gets infected and travels through the afferent lymphatic vessel into your lymph nodes. Here waits all of your adaptive immunity responses. It's an ambush! Your cytotoxic cells have been waiting for this moment. The cytotoxic cell that is specific for the antigen that is presented on the dendritic cell latches on. There are two signals that activate the cytotoxic (CD8) cell. B7 from the dendritic cell attaches to CD28 on the cytotoxic T cell and CD8 attaches to the dendritic cell. The cytotoxic cell is now activated and it is now on a mission to destroy. It secretes IL-2 which binds to itself. This is an autocrine function that signals the cytotoxic cell to replicate like crazy. Your army travels out through the efferent lymphatic vessel into your blood stream. Eventually it arrives to the cells that are infected. It is capable of binding to the same antigens that it first recognized from the dendritic cell that brought it inside initially. It latches on with CD8 and releases its' weapons. Perforin is released which punches holes into the cell and granzymes are also released which induces apoptosis (cell death). Memory T cells are also made to fight against future infection. These are long lasting cells. Your other T cells (remember them?) the helper T cells come by and deactivate your cytotoxic T cells with FasR and CTLA-4. Hope that helps.
When a clone is created what type of cell is used to star growing a clone .haploid or diploid?
The answer is both. The first half is an egg cell, a haploid. Its nucleus is destroyed by UV radiation leaving the rest of the cell still in the 'ready to become a zygote' mode. The second half is the nucleus of some other cell, a diploid. (usually this is the nucleus of a young blood cell as they are easy to get at. When Blood Cells are young they still have their nucleus, mature ones do not.) The nucleus of the diploid cell is then placed inside the (formerly) haploid cell. We zap it a little with electricity, and presto, we have a viable clone 20% of the time.
What type of cells are cytotoxic?
Cytotoxic cells are a type of white blood cell called cytotoxic T cells. These cells are important for the immune system's response to infection and cancer, as they can identify and kill infected or abnormal cells.
What type of cell is known as the body's defense fighters?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of cells are responsible for screening and destroying cancerous cells?
Cytotoxic T cells, a type of white blood cell, are mainly responsible for identifying and destroying cancerous cells. These immune cells can recognize abnormal cells by detecting specific markers on their surface and initiate a targeted attack to eliminate them. Additionally, natural killer cells also play a role in identifying and eliminating cancerous cells through their cytotoxic activity.
Type of cell produced in mitosis?
Sister Cells or Daughter Cells. (basically they clone themselves) But when they split both cells are new, hence the daughter cells.
What Type of T cell that directly kills virus infected body cells and some tumor cells?
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) are responsible for directly killing virus-infected body cells and some tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic molecules like perforin and granzymes. They recognize infected or abnormal cells by recognizing antigens presented on the cell surface.
What is the difference between T-cells and killer T-cells?
Cytotoxic T-cells are just a specialized subset of T-cells that express CD8 (a co-stimulatory molecule). In general, there are two types of T-cells, helper T-cells that express CD4 and cytotoxic T-cells that express CD8. As the name implies, cytotoxic T-cells have the role of killing any infected cells.
What is the role of T cells in a human body?
T cells are part of the adaptive immunity. There are two major types of T cells: CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells. T helper cells primarily function in humoral immunity whereas T cytotoxic cells are important in cell mediated immunity. T helper cells produce cytokines to activate other immune system components like macrophages, B cells, etc. whereas T cytotoxic cells primarily kill infected cells.
A drug that kills or damages cells is known as?
The are no medication that kills ore. An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. so i doubt something that doesn't exist damages cells.
What is the definition of destroyer T cells?
Destroyer T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, are a type of white blood cell that can directly kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing toxic molecules or inducing programmed cell death. They play a crucial role in the immune response against viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells.
What type of cell destroys body cells infected with microbes?
Cytotoxic T cells are a type of cell that destroys body cells infected with microbes. They recognize infected cells by detecting specific antigens on their surface and then release toxic substances to kill the infected cell.
Pernicious anemia cytotoxic or non cytotoxic in which type of hypersensitivity?
generally, pernicious anemia, if autoimmune, is a type 2 hypersensitivity
Will a mutation that occurs in a skin cell be passed on to organism offspring?
No, mutations that occur in skin cells are not passed on to organism offspring because they are not present in the germ cells (sperm or egg cells) that are involved in reproduction. Only mutations in the germ cells can be passed on to offspring.
