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Not all bacteria maintain approximately neutral pH, but even those that live at extreme pH have various mechanisms for neutralizing either extremely acidic or basic environments. All bacteria have ion and proton pumps with which they can take in or excrete ions as needed, but for more extreme pHs, bacteria have developed other means of controlling internal pH.E. coli, for example, has at least four inducible acid resistance systems that uses amino acid decarboxylation to soak up excess intracellular protons.

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