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Cryoprotectants work as an antifreeze to prevent formation of ice crystals and aid in the process of vitrification, a method of converting biological tissue into a strange kind of low-temperature glass that is totally free of ice crystals. Two Cryoprotectants are glycerol and DMSO (DiMethyl SulfOxide) which, when used together, enhances cryroprotection as much as double than when used alone, possibly because of a decrease in toxic effect. They work by diffusing into cells and replacing much of the body's water. Deb
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Why is DMSO used as a control?
Many test compounds (drugs, inhibitors, etc) are not soluble in water and therefore dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a solvent instead. The compound dissolved in DMSO is what is used to treat the cell or animal and therefore you must prove that it is the compound, not the DMSO which is causing any results seen. To ensure this, you have a control that contains only DMSO and not the test compound. This is often referred to as a "vehicle control".
How are embryos frozen?
Embryos are frozed in liquid nitrogen through a process called cryofreezing. Embryos are generally frozen to be stored for long periods of time or if they have to be trasported to a different location.
What does compartmentalise mean?
Compartmentalize means to separate or divide something into distinct sections or categories, especially to keep them apart from each other. It is a way to manage different aspects of life or work separately to avoid overlap or confusion.
Shingles should you refrain from going to work?
Yes, it is recommended to refrain from going to work if you have shingles, especially if the rash is exposed or oozing; this is to prevent spread of the virus to co-workers who may not have had chickenpox or been vaccinated against it. It's also important to get rest and allow your body to recover from the infection.
How much does scientist get payed by biology?
The salary for a biologist can vary depending on factors such as education level, experience, and location. On average, biologists can expect to earn a salary ranging from $50,000 to $100,000 per year. More experienced biologists may earn higher salaries, especially if they work in specialized fields or for research institutions.
What Cryoprotectants used for embryonic stem cells?
Some common cryoprotectants used for embryonic stem cells include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol. These cryoprotectants help protect the cells from damage during the freezing and thawing process by reducing ice crystal formation and cellular osmotic stress.
Is DMSO a protic or aprotic solvent?
DMSO is an aprotic solvent.
Is DMSO a strong nucleophile?
Yes, DMSO is a strong nucleophile.
How can you get a synthetic antifreeze for human bodies cells to not form crystals?
One uses a chemical (or mixture of chemicals) known as a cryoprotectant. There are a number of different cryoprotectants. The major obstacle is that many of them are toxic to human biology. Using a mixture generally reduces the toxicity since different cryoprotectants are toxic in different ways. One tries to come up with a mixture that doesn't have a toxic amount of any single cryoprotectant. Some cryprotectants include glycerol, gycols (propylene and ethylene glycols), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, a common solvent in organic chemistry) and others.
What is meant by chemical freezing cells?
Chemical freezing cells refers to a process in which specific chemicals, often cryoprotectants, are used to prevent the formation of ice crystals during the freezing of biological cells. This technique helps preserve the integrity and viability of cells, tissues, or organs by minimizing damage that can occur due to ice crystal formation. Common cryoprotectants include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol, which lower the freezing point and stabilize cellular structures during the freezing and thawing processes. This method is widely used in biobanking and regenerative medicine.
What is the difference betwen DMSO and DMSO-d6 solution?
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is a common organic solvent, whereas DMSO-d6 is a deuterated form of DMSO used in NMR spectroscopy as a solvent. The "d6" indicates that the hydrogen atoms in DMSO have been replaced with deuterium, making it suitable for NMR analysis due to the absence of NMR-active protons.
Smell after using dmso?
DMSO can have a garlic-like smell when it reacts with compounds on your skin. This effect is temporary and should dissipate once the DMSO is fully absorbed or evaporated. It's important to use DMSO in a well-ventilated area to minimize the smell.
How to mix DMSO with water effectively?
To mix DMSO with water effectively, slowly add the DMSO to the water while stirring continuously. This will help prevent the DMSO from clumping or separating from the water. It is important to mix the two substances thoroughly to ensure a homogeneous solution.
What is size of DMSO molecule?
The molecular formula of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is C2H6OS. The molecular weight of this molecule is approximately 78.13 grams per mole. In terms of size, DMSO has a molecular diameter of about 6.9 angstroms.
Why is DMSO used as a control?
Many test compounds (drugs, inhibitors, etc) are not soluble in water and therefore dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a solvent instead. The compound dissolved in DMSO is what is used to treat the cell or animal and therefore you must prove that it is the compound, not the DMSO which is causing any results seen. To ensure this, you have a control that contains only DMSO and not the test compound. This is often referred to as a "vehicle control".
What is the freezing point of DMSO?
The freezing point of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is 18.5 degrees Celsius (65.3 degrees Fahrenheit).
What is the significance of the azeotrope formed by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in chemical processes?
The azeotrope formed by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is significant in chemical processes because it allows for the separation of DMSO from other substances through distillation. This is important in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals and organic synthesis, where the purity of DMSO is crucial for the desired chemical reactions.
