How do scientists produce new genetic variations not found in nature?

Answer 1

Breeders do not create new species. Breeders create variations WITHIN a species. Look at all the various types and kinds of doge, variations within the canine species. One exception exists in nature, mules. Donkeys and horses are different species but SO closely related genetically they can breed, though the mules are mostly less able to survive than either of their parent species. We do not know of any other closely related species that can interbreed. For example, pigs cannot breed with horses.

Answer 2

several different ways depending on the application.

In genetic engineering such as with GM cotton, a gene from a soil bacterium that killed moths was inserted into cotton cells (gene was isolated, coated on a gold particle and shot into the cell). By doing it many times and screening the growths the plants where the gene successfully embedded in the Plant genome could be grown and bred from. In this case they have taken a gene from another species and placed it in a new species to infer a genetic advantage it did not previously posess.

Another method, such as used in the controlled evolution of Green Flourescent Protein (an important protein for lab research that glows green when in presence of UV light; it was isolated from jellyfish and the gene expressed in bacteria.. It has also been used to map neuron growth and many other applications).

As nature had evolved it it was only green. Researchers desired different colours so they copied the gene many times using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). They let the copied DNA be degraded and broken up by special enzymes; they then added a different enzyme that reassembled the broken segments. These reassembled genes (with often very different sequences from the original due to degredation) were then placed into bacteria and expressed. By looking at the bacterial cultures with UV light they were able to select those beneficial mutations that had led to different colours of flourescence, grow them and isolate this evolved gene.

Recently scientists have begun experimenting with simulating this kind of lab-based evolution on computers - research is still progressing.

Answer 3

Scientists can produce new genetic variations not found in nature through techniques such as genetic engineering or gene editing. These methods allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic code of an organism by inserting, deleting, or modifying specific genes. This can lead to the creation of organisms with desired traits or characteristics that may not naturally occur.

Answer 4

they use punnett squares to try and predict what the offspring's traits will most likely be