to get from DNA to protein there are two stages before you understand them you must know the basics about DNA structure. It is a long sequence made from the chemicals adenin, thymine, cytosine and gaunine , represented by the letters letters A, T, C, and G. you also need to know that a gene is a small section of the DNA sequence, which has a definable start and end. When 'reading' DNA we go from one end of the DNA strand to the other in a specific direction, 5 prime to 3 prime.
Transcription
An enzyme known as DNA dependant RNA polymerase (often shortened to RNA polymerase) uses DNA near to the start of gene to determine where the gene starts. It then 'transcribes' (creates a copy of) the DNA into RNA, the sequence of RNA is like the mirror image of the DNA. for example a 'C' in the DNA becomes a 'G' in RNA. In addition to this there are no 'T's' in RNA instead there are U's
After an RNA copy of the DNA has been made it is modified in the cell by adding an unreactive 'cap' to one end which protects it from being broken down in the cell and also a tail of repeating 'A's' it is now known as mRNA.
Translation
Once the 'mRNA' has been produced it moves from the nucleus of the cell into the cytoplasm. A cell componant known as the ribosome associates with the mRNA and begins to translate it. The ribosome reads 3 bases (letters) in the RNA sequence at one time 'a codon'. each codon gives information on one amino acid in the finished protein sequence. For example the first codon the ribosome looks for is the start codon. In humans this is often AUG. Once found the ribosome uses this as the 'beginning' of the gene. The mRNA is read and the ribosome adds molecules called tRNAs to it which have one of 20 amino acids attached to them, so we have:
3bases in RNA --> linked to 1 'tRNA' molecule --> which in turn is linked to one amino acid.
As the ribosome contines to translate the mRNA the amino acids added earlier at the 5 prime end link up to form a protein. It is in this way that DNA--> RNA --> Protein (the central dogma of genetics)
Proteins
DNA controls the production of proteins in a cell through a process called protein synthesis. During this process, DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins by cellular machinery. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein being produced.
Proteins are made based on the instructions encoded in the DNA sequence. DNA contains the genetic information that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. This relationship is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and organisms.
The structure of DNA determines the sequence of nucleotides that encode genetic information, which is passed down from one generation to the next. By studying the sequence of DNA in an organism, scientists can trace its hereditary background. Similarly, the sequence and arrangement of amino acids in proteins are also encoded by DNA and can be used to understand the hereditary traits of an organism.
Proteins do not encode genetic information. Instead, genetic information is encoded in DNA through a specific sequence of nucleotide bases. Proteins are synthesized based on this genetic information through a process called protein synthesis, where the DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, which make up proteins.
gene
Proteins
DNA & RNA are used in making proteins during transcription and translation reactions .
DNA has genetic information to build the organic molecules proteins. These proteins are used within the cell to grow and build.
DNA controls the production of proteins in a cell through a process called protein synthesis. During this process, DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins by cellular machinery. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein being produced.
The type of proteins produced in a cell are related to the specific DNA sequences that make up the genes that code for those proteins. The genetic code in the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins by cellular machinery. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule.
proteins
DNA has coded instructions for making proteins, and RNA translates the code.
Proteins are made based on the instructions encoded in the DNA sequence. DNA contains the genetic information that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. This relationship is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and organisms.
The structure of DNA determines the sequence of nucleotides that encode genetic information, which is passed down from one generation to the next. By studying the sequence of DNA in an organism, scientists can trace its hereditary background. Similarly, the sequence and arrangement of amino acids in proteins are also encoded by DNA and can be used to understand the hereditary traits of an organism.
Proteins do not encode genetic information. Instead, genetic information is encoded in DNA through a specific sequence of nucleotide bases. Proteins are synthesized based on this genetic information through a process called protein synthesis, where the DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, which make up proteins.
DNA fingerprinting