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In glycolysis of cellular respiration, NADH produces 2ATP because one ATP is used to transport a molecule of NADH into the mitochondria and continue with aerobic respiration. However, in pyruvate decarboxylation and the Krebs cycle, each NADH yields 3ATPs. FADH2 yields 2 ATPs.
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How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle only?
In my textbook it says that 1 molecule of ATP and 3 molecules of NADH are made from 1 molecule of pyruvate, via the citric acid cycle. However, since the question is asking for 1 molecule of GLUCOSE, the answer would be 2 ATP and 6 NADH since the oxidation of glucose produces TWO molecules of pyruvate, the amount of ATP and NADH would have to be doubled. I actually have this EXACT question on my exam... hmmm... do I know you by chance? o__O
Glycolysis results in the production of?
Generally when asked what is produced in glycolysis, they are refering to the 2 ATP molecules. However, other molecules and ions are also produced. Glucose along with 2 NAD+ , 2 ADP , and 2 Phospate is turned into 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP + 2 H2O ... in case you were wondering this happens the same way in aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
Does glycolysis require co-enzymes?
Yes. Glycolysis requires the input of 2 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose. However, 4 ATP molecules will be produced directly from glycolysis for each molecule of glucose. Therefore, the net ATP yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP.
What happens to each products of the Krebs cycle?
Each turn of TCA cycle produces 2 molecules of carbon dioxide, three molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2, and one molecule of ATP at the substrate level. The net result of one TCA cycle is the production of 12 ATP.
Four molecules of glucose would give a net yield of?
In general terms we can say that for every molecule of glucose 38 molecules of ATP are formed. Here is how it works: The 12 electron pairs involved in glucose oxidation are not transferred directly to O2. Rather, they are transferred to the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD to form 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 in the reactions catalyzed by the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and the citric acid cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and the malate dehydrogenase. The electrons then pass into the electron transport chain where, through reoxidation of NADH and FADH2, they participate in the sequential oxidation-reduction of per 10 redox centers before reducing O2 to H2O. In this process, protons are expelled from the mitochondrion. The free energy stored in the resulting pH gradient drives the synthesis of ATP form ADP and Pi through oxidative phosphorylation. Reoxidation of each NADH results in the synthesis of 3 ATPs, and reoxidation of FADH2 yields 2 ATPs for a total of 38 ATPs for each glucose completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O (including the 2 ATPs made in glycolysis and the 2 ATPs made in the citric acid cycle).The stoichiometric analysis can be expressed as:C6H12O6 + 38ADP + 38Pi + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 44H2O + 38ATPMoreover, the net gain of a single molecule of glucose can be analyzed as follows:Glucolysis produces directly 2 NADH, 4 ATPs, and 2 ATPs are consumed, giving a yield of 8 ATPs.Pyruvate oxydation produces 2 NADH to yield 6 ATPs.Acetyl-CoA oxydation (citric acid cycle) produces 6 NADH to yield 18 ATPs, 2 FADH2 to yield 4 ATPs, 2 ATPs or 2 GTPs formed directly, within the citric acid cycle, to yield 2 ATPs.Therefore, the total yield per molecule of glucose is 38.Finally, we have to consider that the final yield of ATP from glucose can be 36 instead of 38 because the number depends upon on which shuttle system is used to transfer reducing equivalents (2 NADH formed in cytosol during glycolisis) into the mitochondrial matrix.
How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle only?
In my textbook it says that 1 molecule of ATP and 3 molecules of NADH are made from 1 molecule of pyruvate, via the citric acid cycle. However, since the question is asking for 1 molecule of GLUCOSE, the answer would be 2 ATP and 6 NADH since the oxidation of glucose produces TWO molecules of pyruvate, the amount of ATP and NADH would have to be doubled. I actually have this EXACT question on my exam... hmmm... do I know you by chance? o__O
Glycolysis results in the production of?
Generally when asked what is produced in glycolysis, they are refering to the 2 ATP molecules. However, other molecules and ions are also produced. Glucose along with 2 NAD+ , 2 ADP , and 2 Phospate is turned into 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP + 2 H2O ... in case you were wondering this happens the same way in aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
Are only 2 ATPs produced for each NADH molecule that enters the last stage of respiration?
The NADH molecule produces of 2 ATPs during the last stage of respiration. Some think that three ATPs are created from the NADH, however, the last stage of respiration is different than ATP and NADH during electron transfers.
Does glycolysis require co-enzymes?
Yes. Glycolysis requires the input of 2 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose. However, 4 ATP molecules will be produced directly from glycolysis for each molecule of glucose. Therefore, the net ATP yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP.
What happens to each products of the Krebs cycle?
Each turn of TCA cycle produces 2 molecules of carbon dioxide, three molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2, and one molecule of ATP at the substrate level. The net result of one TCA cycle is the production of 12 ATP.
How many molecules of ATP do youu get from 1 molecule of glucose in cellular respiration?
One molecule of glucose can make either 30 or 32 molecules of ATP, depending on its passage through the cellular respiration pathways. Glycolysis will yield either 3 or 5 ATP: 2 ATP are formed directly, and then either 1 or 3 can result from the electron carrier NADH (the other energetic product of glycolysis), depending on which shunt the NADH uses to enter the mitochondrion to feed into the electron transport chain (ETC). If NADH enters via the more-common malate-aspartate shunt, it will generate 3 ATP total. If it enters via the less-efficient glycerol-3-phosphate shunt (sometimes used by skeletal muscle or by the brain), it will generate only 1 ATP total. Thus, either 3 or 5 ATP can result from glycolysis. Pyruvate oxidation will yield 5 ATP: 2 NADH are formed per glucose (because glucose is broken down to 2 pyruvate molecules during glycolysis), each yielding about 2.5 ATP. Acetyl-CoA oxidation in the TCA cycle will yield 20 ATP: 6 NADH are formed, yielding about 15 ATP; 2 FADH2 are formed, yielding about 3 ATP; and 2 ATP (or GTP) are formed directly, for a total of 20 ATP.
What is the most abundant acceptor released in the Kreb cycle?
A total of five 'loaded' acceptor molecules are formed, (four NADH and one FADH2) for each pyruvate molecule. Making a total of 10 'loaded' acceptor molecules because two pyruvate's are used. Therefore the most abundant acceptor released in the Kreb cycle is NADH (4 of them) vs only one FADH2.
How many ATP's and NADH's are made for each molecule of glucose to breakdown?
3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2 through oxidative phosphyrolation in mitochondria
How many FAD and NAD plus molecules are needed for the breakdown of each glucose molecule?
There are 2 FAD and NAD and molecules. This is to breakdown each glucose molecule.
Why do lipids release more energy than carbohydrates?
The amount of energy released by any biomolecules is determined by how many ATP molecules are generated after the oxidation of that biomolecule, because the energy released during oxidation is saved in the form of ATP molecules. A glucose molecule on oxidation yields total 38 molecules of ATP that are formed after glycolysis, TCA Cycle and ETS. The number of carbon atoms in glucose is 6. Now consider a 6 Carbon Fatty acid molecule. It will undergo two beta oxidation cycles and will yield 3 Acetyl CoA molecules. Now, in each step of beta oxidation one NAD molecule is converted into NADH and H+ and one FAD molecule is reduced in FADH2. When these NADH and FADH2 molecules release their electrons in the Electron Transport Chain, they together cause the formation of 4 ATP molecules. Thus each step of beta oxidation will lead to formation of 4 ATP molecules. Thus if there are two steps of beta oxidation then there are 8 molecules of ATP. Now the three Acetyl CoA molecules formed also enter the TCA cycle and each cycle will lead to generation of 30 more ATP molecules. Thus, totally, 38 ATP molecules are formed. The number of ATPs formed, goes on increasing as the number of carbons in the fatty acid molecules is increased.
Calculate the number of atps generateed from one saturated 16-carbon fatty acid assume that each nadh molecule generates 2.5 atps and that each fadh2 molecule generates 1.5 atps?
4
Each hemoglobin molecule is able to transport molecules of oxygen.?
False. The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules.
