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The process of vaccination?
Vaccination is the process of attempting to confer artificial immunity on an individual organism by exposing the immune system to antigens of the pathogen being vaccinated against. Vaccination does not provide nearly as good protection as natural, or acquired immunity.
How does your body respond differently the second time it is exsposed to a pathogen than the first time it was exposed to the same pathogen?
During the second exposure to a pathogen, the immune system can mount a quicker and more targeted response due to immunological memory. This is because the immune system has already encountered the pathogen before and has memory cells ready to recognize and respond more efficiently to the pathogen. This results in a faster and more effective clearance of the pathogen from the body.
If an organism grows in the OF-glucose medium that is exposed to air is the organism osidative or fermentaive?
If the organism grows in the OF-glucose medium exposed to air, it is likely undergoing oxidative metabolism. This is because air contains oxygen, which the organism can use through oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy. If the organism were fermentative, it would generate energy through fermentation pathways even in the presence of oxygen.
What will an injection containing weakened forms of a disease causing organism usually trigger?
An injection containing weakened forms of a disease-causing organism will typically trigger an immune response in the body without causing the full-blown disease. This immune response helps the body recognize and remember the organism, so it can mount a faster and more effective defense if exposed to the actual pathogen in the future.
How does a DNA vaccine prevent future disease?
A DNA vaccine contains DNA from a pathogen but cannot cause disease. When the vaccine is injected into a patient, the DNA directs the synthesis of a protein. Antibodies are produced by the body against the protein. If the patient contracts the disease in the future, the antibodies in his or her body will be able to provide protection.
Why is a child unlikely to develop the symptoms of measles if exposed to the pathogen again?
The subject, in fighting off their first bout of measles, developed an antibody specifically effective against measles, and becomes able to reproduce this if re-exposed. The infection is then typically killed off before it becomes symptomatic.
What is the antibody the mother passes to her fetus?
There are many antibodies passed to the fetus. Any and all that she was exposed to would be passively passed to the fetus. These are passive in that the newborn will have to make his own later in life but will keep him from harm for about 6 months.
Why does a vaccination provide long-lasting protection against a disease while gamma globulin provides only short-term protection?
With vaccination your body mounts an immune response to the pathogen. You learn what the pathogen looks like and make antibodies (gamma globulin) against it. You then get memory cells which can last a very long time and will let your body respond and fight off the pathogen the next time you are exposed. Gamma globulin is just an antibody that will circulate in your blood and and fight off the pathogens it was made against. You will not mount an immune response, and you will not get memory cells for long lasting protection.
What best describes how a vaccinations can help protect the body against disease?
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
How does active immunity occurs?
Active immunity occurs when the immune system is exposed to a pathogen and responds by producing specific antibodies against it. This can happen naturally, through infection, or artificially, through vaccination. In both cases, the body "remembers" the pathogen, allowing for a quicker and more effective response if re-exposed in the future. This process helps provide long-term protection against diseases.
What happens once the body is exposed to pathogen?
The pathogen tries to infect the body. The defense mechanism of the body resists the entry of the pathogen. If pathogen succeeds the infection is established and the body becomes sick.
What is the purpose of introducing weakened microbespathogens into the body of an organism for a vaccination?
The purpose of introducing weakened microbes or pathogens into the body for vaccination is to stimulate the immune system to recognize and respond to the pathogen without causing disease. This exposure helps the body develop a memory of the pathogen, allowing it to mount a quicker and more effective immune response if exposed to the actual pathogen in the future. This process enhances the body's ability to prevent infections and provides long-lasting immunity against specific diseases.
What does not immune mean?
"Not immune" refers to a state where an individual or organism does not possess immunity against a particular disease or infection. This means they are susceptible to contracting the illness because their immune system has not developed the necessary defenses, either through previous exposure or vaccination. As a result, they may experience symptoms if exposed to the pathogen.
What is the difference between hepatitis B surface and hepatitis b antigen?
When your body is introduced to the Hepatitis B virus, the virus is considered the antigen (the surface antigen)and this should trigger your immune system to develop antibody against this antigen to destroy it. Most people do develop Hep B surface antibody when infected with the Hep B virus. Some people do not develop the antibodyand go on to have only circulating Hep B surface antigen - which means they are a carrier and can continue to have the virus and infection. For the majority of the population that develop the Hep B surface antibody, this conveys immunity to the virus for life.
What is a cold antibody?
A cold antibody is an antibody that reacts optimally at temperatures below body temperature, typically around 4°C. These antibodies can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) when blood is exposed to cold temperatures.
What is the antigenic determinant site is that portion of the antigens exposed surface?
that's the part where the antibody attacks.
What is Harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a hosts immume system to mount a defense against the pathogen?
A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system is known as a vaccine. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or sugars, which provoke an immune response without causing disease. This prepares the immune system to recognize and fight the actual pathogen if the host is exposed in the future. By training the immune system in this way, vaccines help prevent infections and contribute to herd immunity.
