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A lot of different things...

Mostly - a phospholipid bilayer, that's hydrophyllic on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside. It keeps liquid stuff contained within the membrane (inside the cell), as well outside, and doesn't let things normally pass though the membrane.

Also - there are proteins embedded in the membrane that act as portals for specific chemicals to move in and/or out of the cell (usually requires energy to move things in or out - called active transport).

Finally, there are a lot of other things embedded in the membrane - glycoproteins, cholesterol, etc. They give integrity to the membrane - keep it stable - when there are variations in temperature, pH, concentrations in salt, etc.

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