Selection acts directly on phenotypes.
It doesn't. Phenotypes are viable or not in a given environment, and this influences whether the corresponding genotypes get passed on. Selection works on genotypes via the effects of their expression, their phenotype. The answer you may be looking for is that phenotypes maladapted to their environment have less babies, and pass on less copies of their genes. "Natural selection" is the whole process over generations. "Selection" may refer to misadapted bodies/phenotypes reproducing less due to illness, hunger, bad quality territories, dying earlier, etc.
That is the definition of stabilizing selection.
Humans directly affect artificial selection. They do this by selecting the specific traits that they prefer which they cannot don in a natural selection.
Technically, one should say that natural selection is a theory that explains a set of observations. However, the theory has been substantiated to such a degree that one might as well call it fact.
The ultimate source of variation is mutation. However, recombination, or crossing over, can produce enormous amounts of variation by shuffling alleles into different combinations. Combined, the two processes produce the variation upon which natural selection can act, and which results in evolution.
Natural selection acts on the genotype, but indirectly, through the phenotype.
Phenotype
On the individual, or on his genes.
Natural selection acts on the way organisms interact with one another and with their environment. The genes of organisms are not usually themselves involved in this interaction: they direct it through intermediaries such as proteins. So natural selection must work through these intermediaries to affect genes.
individual
Genetic variation in itself does not 'support' natural selection: it is what natural selection acts upon.
It acts on populations.
I know of no government that acts, in any direct or significant way, on natural selection.
It doesn't. Phenotypes are viable or not in a given environment, and this influences whether the corresponding genotypes get passed on. Selection works on genotypes via the effects of their expression, their phenotype. The answer you may be looking for is that phenotypes maladapted to their environment have less babies, and pass on less copies of their genes. "Natural selection" is the whole process over generations. "Selection" may refer to misadapted bodies/phenotypes reproducing less due to illness, hunger, bad quality territories, dying earlier, etc.
This is a bone of contention among some biologists, Some say that the individual organism is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts and some say it is the gene. I would check your textbook to see which way this wind blows, but most texts I have seen, or used, generally, say that the individual organism, or the individuals organism's phenotype is that which natural selection acts directly on. Of course, texts are conservative in their outlook. Something funny here about attribution of answer, so I write this to get this answer under my user name.
That is the definition of stabilizing selection.
disruptive