What are the steps of glycolysis in order?

Answer 1

Glycolysis is an ancient biochemical process which, broadly speaking, splits glucose into pyruvate so that it can progress into the link reaction. it is an anaerobic process. Glucose is a hexose sugar and is therefore stable, to split it in two it needs to be "activated" first.

1. in the cytoplasm of cells (not necessarily in the mitochondria) one molecule of inorganic phosphate (from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi) bonds with the sixth carbon atom of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate.


2. still in the cytoplasm, another inorganic phosphate molecule (Pi) bonds to the first carbon atom of glucose to form glucose-1,6-bisphosphate. (i've been taught the prefix bissome people use di) this compound converts to its isomer fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.


3. the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits into two molecule of triose phosphate. the double phosphorylation (addition of two phosphate groups) made the original glucose unstable which is why it is able to split in two.


4. two hydrogen molecules are removed from each molecule of triose phosphate. so that it is oxidised. this is carried out by dehydrogenase enzymes


5. the coenzyme NAD acts as a hydrogen acceptor. it works with the dehydrogenase enzyme and accepts two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NAD. two molecules of ATP are also formed at this stage. this is substrate level phosphorylation. two molecules of reduced NAD are formed for each glucose (remember one glucose splits into two triose phophate)


6. four more enzyme catalysed reactions convert the triose phosphate molecules into pyruvate. which is also a three carbon compound. in this stage another two molecules of ADP are phosphorylated by adding one inorganic phosphate to each molecule.)


net gain: two molecules of ATP
two molecules of reduced NAD (these will carry hydrogen atoms to the inner mitrochondrial membranes and be used to generate more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
two molecules of Pyruvate which will be actively transported to the mitrochondrial matrix for the next stage of anaerobic respiration. in the absence of oxygen the pyruvate in the cytoplasm will be converted to lactic acid or ethanol

Answer 2

10 step of glycolysis.

1. Glucose --------> Glucose-6-phosphate (Hexokinase)(ATP was used)
2. Glucose-6-phosphate -------> Fructose-6-phosphate (Phosphoglucose isomerase)
3. Fructose-6-phosphate-------> Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (Phosphofructose kinase)(ATP was used)
4. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate-------> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone. (aldolase)
5. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate --------> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (triose phosphate isomerase)
6. 2 <Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --------> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate> (glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) (NADH will be produce)
7. 2<1,3-biphosphoglycerate ------> 3-phosphoglycerate> (phosphoglycerate kinase) (ATP will be produced)
8. 2<3-phosphoglycerate -----> 2-phosphoglycerate> (phosphoglycerate mutase)
9. 2<2-phosphoglycerate ------> phosphoenolpyruvate> (enolase) (water removed)
10. 2<Phosphoenolpyruvate -------> pyruvate>(pyruvate kinase)(ATP produced)

Answer 3

Glycolysis: Energy investment phase

Glycolysis step 1:

Glucose phosphorylation catalysed by Hexokinase:

α-D-Glucose + ATP -> α-D-Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+

Glycolysis step 2:

Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate catalysed by Phosphoglucoisomerase:

α-D-Glucose-6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose-6-phosphate

Glycolysis step 3:

Second phosphorylation catalysed by Phosphofructokinase:

D-Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP -> D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + H+

Glycolysis step 4:

Cleavage to two Triose phosphates catalysed by Aldolase:

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate <=> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate

Glycolysis step 5:

Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalysed by Triose phosphate isomerase:

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate <=> D-glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate

Glycolysis: Energy generation phase

Glycolysis step 6:

Generation of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate catalysed by Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase:

D-glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ +Pi <=> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Glycolysis step 7:

Substrate-level phosphorylation, 3-Phosphoglycerate catalysed by Phosphoglycerate kinase:

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <=> 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP

Glycolysis step 8:

Phosphate transfer to 2-Phosphoglycerate catalysed by Phosphoglycerate mutase:

3-Phosphoglycerate <=> 2-Phosphoglycerate

Glycolysis step 9:

Synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate catalysed by Enolase:

2-Phosphoglycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O

Glycolysis step 10:

Substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvate synthesis catalysed by Pyruvate kinase:

Phosphoenolpyruvate + H+ + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP

Answer 4

I would recommend downloading the glycolisis video. It is located in the Biology collection by Cassiopeia Project in iTunes U in the itunes store. It is brilliantly explained and visulised and is completely free

Answer 5

Glycolysis -> Glucose 6 Phosphate -> Fructose 6 Phosphate -> Fructose 1,6 Diphosphate -> 2x Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate -> 2x 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate -> 2x 3 Phosphoglycerate -> 2x 2 Phosphoglycerate -> 2x Phosphoenolpyruvate -> 2x Pyruvate

Answer 6

1. Stage 1, which is the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, consists of three steps: a phosphorylation, an isomerization, and a second phosphorylation reaction. The strategy of these initial steps in glycolysis is to trap the glucose in the cell and form a compound that can be readily cleaved into phosphorylated three-carbon units.
2. Stage 2 is the cleavage of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon fragments. These resulting three-carbon units are readily interconvertible.
3. In stage 3, ATP is harvested when the three-carbon fragments are oxidized to pyruvate.b
4. This one is no where to be found.

Another perspective:

1ststep:

A specific enzyme uses an ATP molecule to add a phosphate group to one end of the carbon chain. After a couple of the carbon atoms get rearranged, the enzyme adds a second phosphate to the other end of the molecule using another ATP.

2nd step:

The 6-carbon chain splits into the two three-carbon molecules. The two 3-carbon molecules aren't exactly alike. A specific enzyme rearranges the atoms in one of the molecules so we have two identical 3-carbon molecules.

3rd step:

The three-carbon compounds donate electrons to a compound called NAD+. This changes it to NADH, an important electron carrier. The other thing that happens is that a phosphate ion is added to each molecule to produce molecules with two phosphate groups each.

4th step:

First, one phosphate group from each molecule is transferred to ADP to make ATP. After an enzyme transfers the remaining phosphate group to the central carbon, two more ADP molecules accept a phosphate group to become ATP. The three-carbon compounds produced in glycolysis are called pyruvate.

Answer 7

ZOOM AKA OBAMA

Pyruvate is formed.

NADH is formed.

3-carbon molecules are formed. ADP is formed.

Answer 8

ADP is formed.

3-carbon molecules are formed.

NADH is formed.

Pyruvate is formed.

Answer 9

There are 10 steps in glycolysis.