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Name two organelles that contain enzymes?
Two organelles that contain enzymes are lysosomes and peroxisomes. Lysosomes contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes involved in breaking down cellular waste and foreign materials. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and play a role in detoxification processes.
What are enzymes that open up the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that like complementary bases?
Helicases are enzymes that unwind the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. These enzymes play a crucial role in processes like DNA replication, transcription, and repair by separating the two strands of DNA.
What is formed when enzymes move hydrogen ions across a membrane to an area of greater concentration?
A proton gradient is formed when enzymes transport hydrogen ions across a membrane, creating a difference in concentration between the two sides. This gradient can then be used to drive other cellular processes such as ATP production or transport of molecules across the membrane.
Do two DNA strands need to be separated before DNA replication or transcription can occur?
Yes. Also, of the two strands of DNA, only one is the template that will be transcribed, while the other strand is a noncoding strand of DNA.
What are the two types of effectors and how does each respond to stimuli?
There are two main types of effectors namely homotropic and heterotropic effectors. Homotropic effectors substrate themselves while the heterotropic effectors produce enzymes to help in various processes in the body.
What forms when amylose is break downed?
When amylose is broken down, it forms maltose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose units. This breakdown process is catalyzed by enzymes such as amylase, which cleave the glycosidic bonds in amylose to release maltose.
How does the dephosphorylation of two molecules of ATP to ADP occur?
The dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP occurs through the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond, which releases energy for cellular processes. This reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as ATPases, and it involves the addition of a water molecule, resulting in the formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). In biological systems, ATP is often utilized in energy-requiring reactions, where the release of energy from ATP hydrolysis drives various metabolic processes.
What are two methods of phosphorylation?
Two methods of phosphorylation are: Enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation, where enzymes like kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific proteins. Photo-phosphorylation, which occurs during photosynthesis where light energy is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
How are disulfide bonds broken in biological systems?
Disulfide bonds in biological systems are broken through a process called reduction, where a reducing agent donates electrons to the sulfur atoms in the disulfide bond, causing it to break and form two separate sulfhydryl groups. This process can be catalyzed by enzymes or other chemical agents in the cell.
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
The reaction that links two monosaccharides together is a condensation reaction, where a molecule of water is removed to form a glycosidic bond between the two monosaccharides. This process is catalyzed by enzymes known as glycosyltransferases.
How do enzymes regulate homeostatic processes?
One, by the genetically controlled 'copy number' of the number of individual enzymes available to the cytoplasm; two, by the concentration {or presence} of control factors that determine the activity of individual enzymes; and three, by the presence or absence of various termination factors that determine which Version of an enzyme is to be produced.
What do cells do to activate nucleotides for incorporation into a polymer?
Cells activate nucleotides for incorporation into a polymer by converting them into their triphosphate forms, such as ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. This activation typically involves the addition of two phosphate groups to the nucleotide, which is catalyzed by specific enzymes. The triphosphate form provides the necessary energy for polymerization during processes like DNA or RNA synthesis, facilitating the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in the growing polymer chain.
What two things can cause enzymes to malfunction?
Enzymes can malfunction due to changes in temperature and pH levels, which can alter their structure and function. Additionally, the presence of inhibitors, which are substances that bind to enzymes and reduce their activity, can also disrupt enzyme function. These factors can lead to decreased reaction rates and impaired biological processes.
Name two organelles that contain enzymes?
Two organelles that contain enzymes are lysosomes and peroxisomes. Lysosomes contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes involved in breaking down cellular waste and foreign materials. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and play a role in detoxification processes.
How many enzymes in human mouth?
There are two known enzymes present in saliva in the human mouth. The first is salivary amylase which functions to break starches down into component sugars. The second is salivary lipase which processes fats and prevents any coating from building up on the teeth.
What two ways does ribulose 5 phosphate inefficient compared to other enzymes?
it is slow and not a very specific enzyme
What type of reaction can break up two amino acids?
The reaction that can break up two amino acids is called hydrolysis. During hydrolysis, a water molecule is added to the peptide bond between the amino acids, causing it to break and resulting in the release of individual amino acids. This reaction is often catalyzed by enzymes such as peptidases or proteases in biological systems.
