Kupffer cells, also known as Browicz-Kupffer cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver that form part of the reticuloendothelial system (aka: mononuclear phagocyte system). The cells were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer in 1876.[1] The scientist called them "sternzellen" (star cells or stellate cells) but thought, falsely, that they were an integral part of the endothelium of the liver blood vessels and that they originated from it. In 1898, after several years of research, Tadeusz Browicz, a Polish scientist, identified them, correctly, as macrophages. [2][3] Their development begins in the bone marrow with the genesis of promonocytes and monoblasts into monocytes, and then on to peripheral blood monocytes, completing their differentiation into Kupffer cells.[4] The red blood cell is broken down by phagocytic action, and the hemoglobin molecule is split. The globin chains are reutilized, while the iron-containing portion or heme is further broken down into iron, which is reutilized and bilirubin, which is conjugated with glucuronic acid within hepatocytes and secreted into the bile. Helmy et al. identified a receptor present in Kupffer cells, the complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family (CRIg). Mice without CRIg could not clear complement system-coated pathogens. CRIg is conserved in mice and humans and is a critical component of the innate immune system.[5] Kupffer cells activation are responsible for early ethanol-induced liver injury, common in chronic alcoholics. Chronic Alcoholism and liver injury deal with a two hit system. The second hit is characterized by an activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR) and CD14, receptors on the Kupffer cell that internalize endotoxin (LPS). This activates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha) and production of superoxides (a pro-oxidant). TNFalpha will then enter the stellate cell in the liver, leading to collagen synthesis and fibrosis. Fibrosis will eventually cause cirrhosis, or loss of function of the liver
Yes, T cells secrete cytokines as part of their immune response.
The Wine glass shaped cells that secrete mucus are called "goblet cells". These are simple columnar epithelial cells found scattered among the epithelial linings of intestine and respiratory tract.
Beta cells secrete insulin, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells. Insulin also plays a key role in storing excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.
Type 2 alveolar cells secrete surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. This helps maintain the elasticity of the alveoli and promotes efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Glandular cells, such as those found in the endocrine and exocrine glands, continuously secrete substances throughout their lifespan. These secretions can include hormones, enzymes, and other important compounds that are essential for various bodily functions.
Beta cells secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagon.
Gastric glands which secrete:HClRenninpepsin
The five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete several hormones. Gonadotroph cells secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), corticotroph cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), lactotroph cells secrete prolactin (PRL), somatotroph cells secrete growth hormone (GH), and thyrotroph cells secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
alpha cells just like beta and gamma cells secrete radiation. These were discovered by a french scientist in the 1800's
"Glands" are like tiny pits in the lining of the stomach. These glands are lined with certain cells: Parietal cells: secrete acid and intrinsic factor Mucous cells: secrete mucus Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells: secrete various Stem cells: create new cells (So glands are not cells)
Enteroendocrine cells
Yes, T cells secrete cytokines as part of their immune response.
No, the pancreatic islets, which contain endocrine cells secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while the exocrine secretory cells secrete digestive enzymes into ducts that eventually empty into the small intestine.
YES!
Elizabeth Kupfer's birth name is Elizabeth Rose Kupfer.
The Wine glass shaped cells that secrete mucus are called "goblet cells". These are simple columnar epithelial cells found scattered among the epithelial linings of intestine and respiratory tract.
The medications that inhibit the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions is a proton pump inhibitor.