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The answer to this depends on what components you are talking bout. Are you wondering about basal molecules, or elements?

For in stance, DNA is composed of four different types of nucleobases; adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Thesebases are joined to a sugar molecule (a deoxyribose sugar in the case of DNA, hence the name DeoxyriboNucleic Acid). These sugar-and-base pairs are called NUCLEOSIDES. Nucleosides are joined together by a phosphate link. Nuclueosides bound to phosphate groups are called NUCLEOTIDES. Nucleotides all consist of 1 phosphate bond, 1 sugar and 1 base. DNA is merely a chain of nucleotides. The major elements composing both bases and sugars in DNA is carbon. Thus...

DNA is primarily composed of the element carbon, and is equally composed of a base, sugar and phosphate link. As for the most common nucleobase? That depends on the organism you are looking at.

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