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Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative. It is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. It has a tautomer known as 6-hydroxypurine. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in certain cell, bacteria, and parasite cultures as a substrate and nitrogen source. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Because of its resemblance to guanine, the spontaneous deamination of adenine can lead to an error in DNA transcription/replication.
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Which four nitrogenous bases are purines?
There are four nitrogenous bases. A, C, T and G A and G are Purines C and T are Pyrimidines. a useful rhyme to remember this is " Silver is PURe AG" - silver is abbreiviated to AG in the periodic table
What is the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product of normal chemical processes and is found in blood and urine.
What type of mutagen changes Adenine into Hypoxanthine?
chemical mutagens
What and what belong to the class nitrogenous base called pyrimidines?
Purines and pyrimidines.purines contain adenine,guanine,hypoxanthine and xanthine.pyrimidines contain uracil,thymine,cytosine,orotic acid
How allopurinol acts toward formation of uric acid?
Allopurinol is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an enzyme inhibitor, inhibiting xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine resulting in the production of uric acid, the product of human purine metabolism. In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine, which are converted to closely related purine ribotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphates. Increased levels of these ribotides causes feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol therefore decreases both uric acid formation and purine synthesis. (source wikipedia)
What does HPRT do?
HPRT catalyzes a reaction that is necessary to prevent the buildup of uric acid, a nitrogenous waste product that is ordinarily excreted from the body through the kidneys. A severe mutation in the HPRT gene leads to an absence of HPRT enzyme activity =
What are the six nitrogen bases found in DNA?
AdenineGuanineCytosineThymine5-Methylcytosine and5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
What are the mechanism of Allopurinol?
If one wants to prevent it from occurring, the process that makes the uric acid must be suppressed. Allopurinol combines with the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase and takes it out of action. This stops the oxidation process of xanthine and hypoxanthine and because of this uric acid production goes down preventing gout. Allopurinol is effective for preventing gout but wont treat acute attacks of it.
What is a xanthine oxidase?
Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that plays a role in the process of purine metabolism. It is responsible for converting purines into uric acid. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is a common target for medications used to treat conditions such as gout.
Which four nitrogenous bases are purines?
There are four nitrogenous bases. A, C, T and G A and G are Purines C and T are Pyrimidines. a useful rhyme to remember this is " Silver is PURe AG" - silver is abbreiviated to AG in the periodic table
Why is there no cure for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, leading to a deficiency in the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). This deficiency disrupts purine metabolism, resulting in severe neurological and behavioral symptoms. Currently, there is no cure because the syndrome affects multiple systems in the body, and therapies primarily focus on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying genetic cause. Research continues to explore potential gene therapies and other innovative treatments, but significant challenges remain.
What is the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product of normal chemical processes and is found in blood and urine.
What is the role of xanthine oxidase in human body?
xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of purines (the bicyclic nitrogenous bases in genetic material) to form uric acid. Uric acid is then excreted.xanthine oxidase reduces water and oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in the process.(Nelson D.L.; Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 4th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman, 2004, 35.) xanthine oxidase is also carried by some white blood cells to produce hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen, as part of the inflammatory response in many mammals. For example, tobacco smoke causes the production of more xanthine oxidase and more reactive oxygen species. (Kayyali, U.S.; Rohit Budhiraja, R.; Pennella, C.M.; Cooray, S.; Lanzillo, J.J.; Chalkley, R.; Hassoun, P.M., Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2003,188, 59-68.)
Health benefits of manganese?
Molybdenum is required for the activity of enzymes that are involved in eliminating toxins. This includes the breakdown of purines to produce uric acid, which is formed primarily in your liver and is excreted by your kidneys into your urine. Uric acid acts as an antioxidant. Molybdenum is also a cofactor of enzymes involved detoxifying another substance, pyrimidines. It is also used in the treatment of copper poisoning and improper carbohydrate metabolism. Molybdenum may also have a role in stabilizing unoccupied glucocorticoid receptors. Glucocorticoids are naturally-produced steroid hormones that inhibit inflammation. Their shape permits them to move across the membrane that surrounds cells in your body, and to be recognized by molecules inside your cells called glucocorticoid receptors.Your body absorbs molybdenum quickly in your stomach and in your small intestine. Following absorption, molybdenum is transported by your blood to your liver and to other tissues of your body. In the molybdate form, it is carried in your blood bound to alpha-macro-globulin and red blood cells. Your liver and kidneys store the highest amounts of molybdenum.The active biological form of molybdenum, known as molybdenum cofactor, is in several tissues of your body. Molybdenum cofactor is made in cells and consists of a molybdenum atom bound to other molecules. The cofactor is a component of four main enzymes:Sulfite oxidase, which breaks down sulfite into sulfate, a reaction that is necessary for the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine. Sulfites are found in protein-rich food as well as chemical preservatives in certain foods and drugs. If your body doesn't break down these sulfites, a toxic build-up results, and your body may react with an allergic reaction, including respiratory problems such as asthma.Xanthine oxidase, which breaks down nucleotides (precursors of DNA and RNA) to form uric acid, which acts as an antioxidant in your blood. Xanthine oxidase is involved in your body's production of genetic material and proteins.Aldehyde oxidase, which is involved in several reactions, including breking down pyrimidines, metabolizing drugs and toxins, helping your body produce genetic material and proteins.Xanthine dehydrogenase, which breaks down hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid. It also plays a role in the metabolism of drugs and toxins.
