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Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative. It is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. It has a tautomer known as 6-hydroxypurine. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in certain cell, bacteria, and parasite cultures as a substrate and nitrogen source. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Because of its resemblance to guanine, the spontaneous deamination of adenine can lead to an error in DNA transcription/replication.
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What type of mutagen changes Adenine into Hypoxanthine?
chemical mutagens
What is a xanthine oxidase?
Xanthine oxydase is a protein enzyme containing iron and molybdenum which promotes the oxidiatization of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid.
What and what belong to the class nitrogenous base called pyrimidines?
Purines and pyrimidines.purines contain adenine,guanine,hypoxanthine and xanthine.pyrimidines contain uracil,thymine,cytosine,orotic acid
How allopurinol acts toward formation of uric acid?
Allopurinol is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an enzyme inhibitor, inhibiting xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine resulting in the production of uric acid, the product of human purine metabolism. In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine, which are converted to closely related purine ribotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphates. Increased levels of these ribotides causes feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol therefore decreases both uric acid formation and purine synthesis. (source wikipedia)
What are the mechanism of Allopurinol?
If one wants to prevent it from occurring, the process that makes the uric acid must be suppressed. Allopurinol combines with the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase and takes it out of action. This stops the oxidation process of xanthine and hypoxanthine and because of this uric acid production goes down preventing gout. Allopurinol is effective for preventing gout but wont treat acute attacks of it.
What is the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product of normal chemical processes and is found in blood and urine.
Health benefits of manganese?
Molybdenum is required for the activity of enzymes that are involved in eliminating toxins. This includes the breakdown of purines to produce uric acid, which is formed primarily in your liver and is excreted by your kidneys into your urine. Uric acid acts as an antioxidant. Molybdenum is also a cofactor of enzymes involved detoxifying another substance, pyrimidines. It is also used in the treatment of copper poisoning and improper carbohydrate metabolism. Molybdenum may also have a role in stabilizing unoccupied glucocorticoid receptors. Glucocorticoids are naturally-produced steroid hormones that inhibit inflammation. Their shape permits them to move across the membrane that surrounds cells in your body, and to be recognized by molecules inside your cells called glucocorticoid receptors.Your body absorbs molybdenum quickly in your stomach and in your small intestine. Following absorption, molybdenum is transported by your blood to your liver and to other tissues of your body. In the molybdate form, it is carried in your blood bound to alpha-macro-globulin and red blood cells. Your liver and kidneys store the highest amounts of molybdenum.The active biological form of molybdenum, known as molybdenum cofactor, is in several tissues of your body. Molybdenum cofactor is made in cells and consists of a molybdenum atom bound to other molecules. The cofactor is a component of four main enzymes:Sulfite oxidase, which breaks down sulfite into sulfate, a reaction that is necessary for the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine. Sulfites are found in protein-rich food as well as chemical preservatives in certain foods and drugs. If your body doesn't break down these sulfites, a toxic build-up results, and your body may react with an allergic reaction, including respiratory problems such as asthma.Xanthine oxidase, which breaks down nucleotides (precursors of DNA and RNA) to form uric acid, which acts as an antioxidant in your blood. Xanthine oxidase is involved in your body's production of genetic material and proteins.Aldehyde oxidase, which is involved in several reactions, including breking down pyrimidines, metabolizing drugs and toxins, helping your body produce genetic material and proteins.Xanthine dehydrogenase, which breaks down hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid. It also plays a role in the metabolism of drugs and toxins.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
DefinitionLesch-Nyhan syndrome is an inheritable disorder that affects how the body builds and breaks down purines. Purines are a normal part of human tissue and help make up the body's genetic blueprint. They are also found in many different foods.Causes, incidence, and risk factorsLesch-Nyhan syndrome is inherited as an X-linked trait. It mostly occurs in boys. Persons with this syndrome are missing or are severely lacking an enzyme called hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HGP). The body needs this enzyme to recycle purines. Without it, abnormally high levels of uric acid build up in the body.The condition affects about 1 in 380,000 people.SymptomsThe excess uric acid levels cause children to develop gout-like swelling in some of their joints. In some cases, kidney and bladder stones develop because of the high uric acid levels.Males with Lesch-Nyhan have delayed motor development followed by bizarre, sinuous movements and increased deep tendon reflexes. A striking feature of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is self-destructive behavior characterized by chewing off fingertips and lips, if not restrained. It is unknown how the enzyme deficiency causes these problems.Signs and testsThere may be a family history of this condition.The doctor will perform a physical exam. The exam may show:Overexaggerated reflexesSpasticityBlood and urine tests may reveal high uric acid levels. A skin biopsy may show decreased levels of the HGP enzyme.TreatmentNo specific treatment exists for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The gout medication, allopurinol, successfully decreases uric acid levels, but does not improve the neurological outcome.Some symptoms may be relieved with the drugs carbidopa/levodopa, diazepam, phenobarbital, or haloperidol.Expectations (prognosis)The outcome is likely to be poor. Persons with this syndrome usually require assistance walking and sitting and generally need a wheelchair to get around.ComplicationsSevere, progressive disability is likely.Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if signs of this illness appear in your child or if there is a history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in your family.PreventionGenetic counseling for prospective parents with a family history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is recommended. Testing can be done to see if a woman is a carrier of this syndrome.ReferencesHarris JC. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 89.
What kind of food should avoid uric acid patients?
Foods high in uric acid include: - Organ meat or offal also known as the internal organs of an animal. - Red meat such as venison, beef, duck, pork, lamb. - Processed meat, examples include salami, bacon, bologna, sausage to name a few. - Seafood, including tuna and mackerel, scallops, shrimp, sardines, lobster, mussels and herring. - Foods that contain high yeast such as breads, beer and alcohol beverages.
How many words that has ant in it?
3-letter wordsant4-letter wordsanta, ante, anti, ants, cant, hant, pant, rant, want5-letter wordsalant, antae, antas, anted, antes, antic, antis, antra, antre, antsy, banty, brant, canto, cants, canty, chant, giant, grant, hants, janty, leant, manta, meant, panto, pants, panty, plant, quant, rants, riant, scant, slant, tanto, wants6-letter wordsalants, anteed, anthem, anther, antiar, antick, antics, anting, antler, antral, antres, antrum, arrant, askant, aslant, bantam, banter, bezant, brants, byzant, canted, canter, canthi, cantic, cantle, canton, cantor, cantos, cantus, chants, chanty, decant, dopant, eluant, errant, extant, fantod, fantom, gantry, gelant, giants, grants, hanted, hantle, incant, infant, jurant, kantar, levant, mantas, mantel, mantes, mantic, mantid, mantis, mantle, mantra, mantua, mutant, natant, nutant, octant, panted, pantie, pantos, pantry, pedant, plants, pliant, quanta, quants, ranted, ranter, recant, santir, santol, santur, savant, scants, scanty, secant, sejant, shanti, shanty, slants, slanty, sonant, tantra, tenant, truant, tyrant, vacant, volant, wanted, wanter, wanton, yantra7-letter wordsabeyant, acanthi, adamant, affiant, andante, antacid, antefix, anteing, antenna, anthems, anthers, anthill, anthoid, anthrax, antiars, antibug, anticar, anticks, anticly, antifat, antigay, antigen, antigun, antijam, antilog, antiman, antings, antipot, antique, antired, antisag, antisex, antitax, antiwar, antlers, antlike, antlion, antonym, antrums, antsier, bantams, banters, banties, bezants, bezzant, blatant, brisant, buoyant, byzants, callant, cantala, cantata, cantdog, canteen, canters, canthal, canthus, cantina, canting, cantles, cantons, cantors, cantrap, cantrip, chanted, chanter, chantey, chantor, chantry, clamant, coolant, coranto, courant, currant, decants, defiant, descant, deviant, discant, distant, dopants, dormant, elegant, eluants, enchant, entrant, errants, etchant, explant, fantail, fantasm, fantast, fantasy, fantods, fantoms, fondant, formant, frantic, gallant, gantlet, gardant, gelants, gellant, granted, grantee, granter, grantor, hanting, hantles, hydrant, implant, incants, infanta, infante, infants, instant, intrant, issuant, iterant, jessant, jurants, kantars, kantele, lantana, lantern, levants, manteau, mantels, mantids, mantled, mantles, mantlet, mantrap, mantras, mantric, mantuas, maranta, mediant, migrant, mordant, mutants, octants, odorant, operant, oxidant, pageant, panther, panties, pantile, panting, pantoum, passant, peasant, peccant, pedants, pendant, pennant, phantom, piquant, pissant, plantar, planted, planter, pulsant, quantal, quanted, quantic, quantum, radiant, rampant, ranters, ranting, reboant, recants, regnant, regrant, reliant, remnant, replant, reptant, riantly, saltant, santimi, santims, santirs, santols, santour, santurs, savants, scanted, scanter, scantly, sealant, seawant, secants, sejeant, servant, sextant, shantey, shantih, shantis, slanted, sonants, spirant, statant, tantara, tantivy, tantras, tantric, tantrum, tenants, titrant, truants, tyrants, ululant, unmeant, vagrant, valiant, vantage, variant, verdant, versant, vibrant, volante, wantage, wanters, wanting, wantons, warrant, xanthan, xanthic, xanthin, yantras8-letter wordsaberrant, abradant, absonant, abundant, acanthus, accusant, adamants, adjutant, adjuvant, affiants, aliquant, alterant, amaranth, ambulant, amiantus, andantes, antacids, antalgic, anteater, antecede, antedate, antefixa, antelope, antennae, antennal, antennas, antepast, anterior, anteroom, antetype, antevert, anthelia, anthelix, anthemed, anthemia, antheral, antherid, antheses, anthesis, anthills, anthodia, antiarin, antiatom, antibias, antibody, antiboss, anticity, anticked, anticold, anticult, antidora, antidote, antifoam, antigene, antigens, antihero, antiking, antileak, antileft, antilife, antilogs, antilogy, antimale, antimask, antimere, antimony, antinode, antinomy, antinuke, antiphon, antipill, antipode, antipole, antipope, antipyic, antiqued, antiquer, antiques, antirape, antiriot, antiroll, antirust, antisera, antiship, antiskid, antislip, antismog, antismut, antisnob, antistat, antitank, antitype, antiwear, antiweed, antlered, antlions, antonyms, antonymy, antrorse, antsiest, arrantly, arrogant, ashplant, aspirant, assonant, atlantes, bacchant, bantered, banterer, bantling, bezzants, bouffant, brantail, callants, cantalas, cantatas, cantdogs, canteens, cantered, canticle, cantinas, cantonal, cantoned, cantraip, cantraps, cantrips, chantage, chanters, chanteys, chanties, chanting, chantors, cilantro, claimant, colorant, constant, coolants, corantos, corybant, cosecant, cotenant, couchant, courante, couranto, courants, covenant, currants, debutant, decanted, decanter, descants, deviants, diamante, dianthus, dilatant, discants, displant, dominant, eggplant, elephant, emigrant, enchants, entrants, equitant, errantly, errantry, etchants, evacuant, exanthem, excitant, exhalant, explants, exsecant, exultant, faineant, fantails, fantasia, fantasie, fantasms, fantasts, figurant, flagrant, flippant, fondants, formants, fragrant, fumigant, galavant, galivant, gallants, gantlets, gantline, gantlope, gantries, gellants, giantess, giantism, gigantic, grantees, granters, granting, grantors, grievant, guaranty, guardant, habitant, hesitant, hydranth, hydrants, ignorant, implants, incanted, incitant, indicant, inerrant, infantas, infantes, infantry, inhalant, instants, insulant, insurant, intrants, inundant, irritant, jubilant, kanteles, lantanas, lanterns, lanthorn, levanted, levanter, libelant, litigant, manteaus, manteaux, mantelet, mantilla, mantises, mantissa, mantlets, mantling, mantraps, marantas, meantime, mediants, merchant, migrants, militant, misplant, mordants, natantly, nauseant, obeisant, occupant, octantal, odorants, operants, oppilant, oscitant, osculant, oxidants, pageants, pantheon, panthers, pantiled, pantiles, pantofle, pantoums, pantries, pantsuit, parlante, peasants, pedantic, pedantry, penchant, pendants, pennants, perianth, permeant, petulant, phantasm, phantast, phantasy, phantoms, pheasant, pieplant, pissants, plantain, planters, planting, plantlet, pleasant, pliantly, poignant, pregnant, preplant, puissant, pursuant, quadrant, quantics, quantify, quantile, quanting, quantity, quantize, quantong, radiants, reactant, recanted, recanter, recreant, recusant, regrants, relaxant, relevant, remnants, replants, resonant, retirant, revenant, roborant, romantic, ruminant, rutilant, santalic, santalol, santonin, santours, saturant, scantest, scantier, scanties, scantily, scanting, sealants, seawants, secantly, semantic, sergeant, serjeant, servants, setenant, sextants, shanteys, shanties, shantihs, shantung, sibilant, simulant, slanting, sonantal, sonantic, sonorant, sovranty, spirants, stagnant, supplant, tantalic, tantalum, tantalus, tantaras, tantrums, tarantas, tenanted, tenantry, titrants, tolerant, toxicant, truanted, truantry, undulant, unpliant, unwanted, urticant, vacantly, vagrants, valiants, vantages, variants, vegetant, versants, vesicant, vibrants, vigilant, visitant, volitant, wantages, wantoned, wantoner, wantonly, warrants, warranty, waxplant, xanthans, xanthate, xanthein, xanthene, xanthine, xanthins, xanthoma, xanthone, xanthous9-letter wordsaberrants, abradants, absorbant, acceptant, accordant, accusants, adamantly, adjutants, adjuvants, advantage, ailanthus, allantoic, allantoin, allantois, allegiant, alterants, amaranths, andantino, annuitant, antalgics, antarctic, anteaters, anteceded, antecedes, antechoir, antedated, antedates, antefixae, antefixes, antelopes, antenatal, antennule, antepasts, anterooms, antetypes, anteverts, anthelion, antheming, anthemion, antherids, anthocyan, anthodium, anthology, anthozoan, anthraces, anthropic, anthurium, antiaging, antialien, antiarins, antiatoms, antiauxin, antiblack, antically, anticking, anticline, anticling, anticodon, anticrack, anticrime, antidotal, antidoted, antidotes, antidraft, antielite, antifraud, antigenes, antigenic, antiglare, antihuman, antikings, antiknock, antilabor, antimacho, antimasks, antimeres, antimycin, antinodal, antinodes, antinoise, antinomic, antinovel, antipapal, antiparty, antipasti, antipasto, antipathy, antiphons, antiphony, antipodal, antipodes, antipoles, antipopes, antipress, antipyics, antiquark, antiquary, antiquate, antiquers, antiquing, antiquity, antiradar, antirusts, antisense, antiserum, antishark, antishock, antisleep, antismoke, antisolar, antistate, antistick, antistory, antitheft, antitoxic, antitoxin, antitrust, antitumor, antitypes, antiulcer, antiunion, antiurban, antivenin, antiviral, antivirus, antiwhite, antiwoman, antonymic, appellant, appendant, applicant, arrestant, ascendant, ashplants, aspirants, assailant, assistant, assonants, attendant, bacchante, bacchants, banterers, bantering, bantlings, benignant, blatantly, bouffants, brantails, brilliant, buoyantly, byzantine, cantabile, cantaloup, cantering, cantharis, canticles, cantilena, cantoning, cantorial, cantraips, celebrant, chantages, chanteuse, chantries, chatoyant, cilantros, claimants, clamantly, clinquant, coagulant, cognizant, colorants, combatant, compliant, confidant, conjugant, consonant, constants, corantoes, cormorant, corposant, coruscant, corybants, cosecants, cotenants, courantes, courantos, covariant, covenants, crepitant, croissant, culminant, debutante, debutants, decanters, decanting, declarant, defendant, defiantly, defoliant, demandant, demantoid, deodorant, dependant, descanted, desiccant, diamantes, dilatants, discanted, dismantle, displants, disputant, dissonant, distantly, dominants, eggplants, eglantine, elegantly, elephants, emigrants, enchanted, enchanter, evacuants, examinant, exanthema, exanthems, excitants, executant, exhalants, expectant, explanted, exsecants, exuberant, fabricant, faineants, fantasias, fantasied, fantasies, fantasise, fantasist, fantasize, fantastic, figurants, fluctuant, fulgurant, fulminant, fumigants, galantine, galavants, galivants, gallanted, gallantly, gallantry, gallivant, gantelope, gantleted, gantlines, gantlopes, geomantic, giantisms, giantlike, gigantism, grantable, grantsman, grantsmen, grievants, guarantee, guarantor, guardants, habitants, humectant, hydranths, hypanthia, immigrant, implanted, implanter, important, incanting, incessant, incitants, indicants, indignant, inebriant, inelegant, infantile, infantine, infestant, informant, inhalants, injectant, inoculant, instanter, instantly, insulants, insurants, intendant, intrigant, invariant, irritants, itinerant, lanthanum, lanthorns, leadplant, levanters, levanting, libelants, libellant, litigants, lubricant, luxuriant, malignant, mantelets, manticore, mantillas, mantissas, mantlings, meantimes, mendicant, merchants, militants, miscreant, mishanter, misplants, mordanted, mordantly, nauseants, negotiant, nonextant, nonmutant, nurturant, obscurant, observant, occupants, officiant, operantly, overplant, pageantry, palpitant, pantalets, pantalone, pantaloon, pantdress, pantheism, pantheist, pantheons, pantofles, pantomime, pantropic, pantryman, pantrymen, pantsuits, peasantry, peccantly, penchants, penetrant, perianths, phantasma, phantasms, phantasts, pheasants, pieplants, piquantly, plantable, plantains, plantings, plantlets, plantlike, plantsman, plantsmen, pollutant, polyantha, polyanthi, postulant, procreant, pustulant, quadrants, quantiles, quantized, quantizer, quantizes, quantongs, radiantly, rampantly, rantingly, reactants, recanters, recanting, recreants, recusants, reductant, redundant, reentrant, regardant, regranted, reimplant, relaxants, reliantly, reluctant, repellant, repentant, replanted, repugnant, resistant, resonants, resultant, retardant, retirants, revenants, revertant, roborants, romantics, ruminants, santalols, santolina, santonins, saturants, scantiest, scantling, scantness, segregant, semantics, sergeants, sergeanty, serjeants, serjeanty, setenants, shantungs, shantyman, shantymen, sibilants, simulants, slantways, slantwise, sonorants, sterilant, stimulant, subtenant, supplants, suppliant, susurrant, sycophant, tantalate, tantalise, tantalite, tantalize, tantalums, tantivies, tarantism, tarantula, tenanting, termagant, toxicants, tremulant, trenchant, trepidant, truanting, ungallant, urticants, vagrantly, valiantly, verdantly, vesicants, vibrantly, vicariant, vigilante, visitants, wantoners, wantoning, warranted, warrantee, warranter, warrantor, waxplants, xanthates, xantheins, xanthenes, xanthines, xanthomas, xanthones10-letter wordsaberrantly, absorbants, abundantly, acanthuses, accelerant, accountant, adamantine, adulterant, advantaged, advantages, agapanthus, allantoins, amantadine, amiantuses, andantinos, annuitants, antagonism, antagonist, antagonize, antebellum, antecedent, anteceding, antecessor, antechapel, antechoirs, antedating, antemortem, antennular, antennules, antependia, antepenult, anteriorly, anteverted, anthelices, anthelions, anthelixes, antheridia, anthocyans, anthozoans, anthracene, anthracite, anthropoid, anthuriums, antianemia, antiasthma, antiauxins, antibioses, antibiosis, antibiotic, antibodies, antibusing, anticaking, anticancer, anticaries, antichurch, anticipant, anticipate, anticlimax, anticlinal, anticlines, anticodons, antidoting, antidromic, antiemetic, antierotic, antifamily, antifemale, antifreeze, antifungal, antigrowth, antiheroes, antiheroic, antiherpes, antihijack, antihunter, antiknocks, antilitter, antilogies, antimarket, antimatter, antimerger, antimodern, antimonial, antimonide, antimonies, antimycins, antinature, antinausea, antinomian, antinomies, antinovels, antiphonal, antipiracy, antiplague, antiplaque, antipodals, antipodean, antipoetic, antipolice, antiproton, antipyrine, antiquarks, antiquated, antiquates, antirabies, antiracism, antiracist, antireform, antisepses, antisepsis, antiseptic, antiserums, antisexist, antisexual, antismoker, antisocial, antistatic, antistress, antistrike, antitheses, antithesis, antithetic, antitoxins, antitrades, antivenins, antonymies, antonymous, appellants, appendants, applicants, arrestants, arrogantly, ascendants, assailants, assistants, assonantal, attendants, attractant, bacchantes, brigantine, brilliants, cantaloupe, cantaloups, cantatrice, cantatrici, cantilenas, cantilever, cantillate, cantonment, celebrants, chanteuses, chatoyants, clinquants, coagulants, codominant, coelacanth, cohabitant, combatants, commandant, concordant, confidante, confidants, congregant, conjugants, consonants, constantan, constantly, consultant, contestant, continuant, conversant, convulsant, cormorants, corposants, corybantes, corybantic, courantoes, covenantal, covenanted, covenantee, covenanter, covenantor, croissants, debutantes, declarants, defendants, defoliants, demandants, demantoids, denaturant, deodorants, dependants, depressant, descanting, descendant, desiccants, detoxicant, dianthuses, dilettante, dilettanti, discanting, discordant, discrepant, discussant, disenchant, dismantled, dismantles, dispersant, displanted, disputants, dominantly, eglantines, enantiomer, enchanters, enchanting, errantries, euphoriant, examinants, exanthemas, executants, exorbitant, expectants, explanting, exultantly, fabricants, fantasised, fantasises, fantasists, fantasized, fantasizer, fantasizes, fantastico, fantastics, fantasying, fantoccini, flagellant, flagrantly, flamboyant, flippantly, flocculant, fragrantly, galantines, galavanted, galivanted, gallanting, gallivants, gantelopes, gantleting, gargantuan, giantesses, gigantisms, guaranteed, guarantees, guarantied, guaranties, guarantors, hamantasch, hesitantly, hierophant, houseplant, humectants, hypanthium, ignorantly, illuminant, immigrants, implanters, implanting, impregnant, impuissant, incogitant, inconstant, inebriants, infantries, infestants, informants, inhabitant, injectants, inoculants, insouciant, intendants, interplant, intolerant, intoxicant, intrigants, intriguant, invariants, irrelevant, isoantigen, itinerants, jubilantly, lanthanide, lanthanums, leadplants, libellants, lieutenant, lubricants, manservant, manticores, mendicants, mercantile, merchanted, militantly, ministrant, miscreants, mishanters, misplanted, mordanting, multiplant, negotiants, nonchalant, nondeviant, nondormant, nonmigrant, nonmutants, obeisantly, obscurants, observants, officiants, overmantel, overplants, pantalones, pantaloons, pantheisms, pantheists, pantograph, pantomimed, pantomimes, pantomimic, pantsuited, pantywaist, pedantries, penetrants, petulantly, phantasied, phantasies, phantasmal, phantasmic, plainchant, plantation, pleasanter, pleasantly, pleasantry, pliantness, poignantly, pollutants, polyanthas, polyanthus, postulants, pregnantly, propellant, protectant, protestant, pursuivant, pustulants, pyracantha, quadrantal, quadrantes, quantified, quantifier, quantifies, quantitate, quantities, quantizers, quantizing, quarantine, reductants, reentrants, registrant, regranting, reimplants, relevantly, repellants, replanting, resemblant, resistants, resonantly, restaurant, resultants, retardants, retreatant, revertants, ruminantly, santolinas, scantiness, scantlings, segregants, semantical, shantytown, sibilantly, slantingly, solicitant, sovranties, stagnantly, sterilants, stimulants, submediant, subtenants, supergiant, supplanted, supplanter, suppliants, supplicant, surfactant, sweatpants, sycophants, tantalates, tantalised, tantalises, tantalites, tantalized, tantalizer, tantalizes, tantaluses, tantamount, tarantases, tarantella, tarantisms, tarantulae, tarantulas, tenantable, tenantless, tenantries, termagants, tolerantly, topgallant, tragacanth, transplant, triumphant, trochanter, truantries, unarrogant, underpants, unpedantic, unpleasant, unpregnant, unromantic, untenanted, vacantness, vicariants, vigilantes, vigilantly, vociferant, wantonness, warrantees, warranters, warranties, warranting, warrantors, xanthomata11-letter wordsaccelerants, accordantly, accountants, adulterants, advantaging, ailanthuses, allantoides, alloantigen, amantadines, amaranthine, antagonisms, antagonists, antagonized, antagonizes, antecedence, antecedents, antecessors, antechamber, antechapels, antenatally, antenuptial, antependium, antepenults, anteverting, antheridial, antheridium, anthocyanin, anthologies, anthologist, anthologize, anthracenes, anthracites, anthracitic, anthracnose, anthropical, anthropoids, antialcohol, antianxiety, antibiotics, antiboycott, antiburglar, anticipants, anticipated, anticipates, anticipator, anticruelty, anticyclone, antidotally, antidumping, antielitism, antielitist, antiemetics, antifascism, antifascist, antifashion, antifatigue, antifoaming, antifogging, antiforeign, antifouling, antifreezes, antifungals, antigravity, antiheroine, antihunting, antijamming, antileprosy, antiliberal, antilogical, antimalaria, antimatters, antimissile, antimitotic, antimoderns, antimonials, antimonides, antimusical, antinatural, antinatures, antineutron, antinomians, antinuclear, antinucleon, antiobesity, antioxidant, antiozonant, antipathies, antiphonals, antiphonary, antiphonies, antiphrases, antiphrasis, antiplagues, antipodeans, antipopular, antipoverty, antiprotons, antipyretic, antipyrines, antiquarian, antiquaries, antiquating, antiquation, antiquities, antiracisms, antiracists, antiradical, antirealism, antirealist, antirrhinum, antiscience, antisecrecy, antiseizure, antiseptics, antisexists, antislavery, antismokers, antismoking, antistories, antistrophe, antistudent, antisubsidy, antisuicide, antitarnish, antithyroid, antitobacco, antitruster, antitumoral, antitussive, antityphoid, antivitamin, antiwelfare, antiwhaling, antiwrinkle, antonomasia, appurtenant, ascendantly, attractants, banteringly, benignantly, brigantines, brilliantly, cantaloupes, cantatrices, cantharides, cantharidin, cantilevers, cantillated, cantillates, cantonments, chanterelle, chanticleer, clairvoyant, codefendant, codominants, coelacanths, cohabitants, commandants, communicant, complainant, complaisant, compliantly, concomitant, confidantes, conflagrant, congregants, consonantal, consonantly, constantans, consultants, contaminant, contestants, continuants, convulsants, corroborant, covenantees, covenanters, covenanting, covenantors, decantation, denaturants, depressants, descendants, determinant, detoxicants, dilettantes, discussants, disenchants, dismantling, dispersants, displanting, disquantity, dissonantly, distantness, elephantine, enantiomers, enchantment, enchantress, equidistant, equilibrant, euphoriants, exanthemata, expectantly, expectorant, extravagant, exuberantly, fantabulous, fantasising, fantasizers, fantasizing, fantastical, fantasyland, flagellants, flamboyants, flocculants, frantically, franticness, fucoxanthin, galavanting, galivanting, gallantries, gallivanted, geanticline, gesticulant, gigantesque, guarantying, hierophants, houseplants, illuminants, implantable, importantly, impregnants, incantation, incantatory, incessantly, incognizant, incompliant, inconsonant, indignantly, inelegantly, infanticide, infantilism, infantility, infantilize, infantryman, infantrymen, inhabitants, inobservant, instantiate, instantness, interactant, interplants, intoxicants, intriguants, isoantibody, isoantigens, itinerantly, lanthanides, lieutenants, luxuriantly, lycanthropy, maidservant, malignantly, manifestant, mantelpiece, mantelshelf, matriculant, menservants, merchanting, merchantman, merchantmen, ministrants, misanthrope, misanthropy, misplanting, necromantic, nonconstant, nondeviants, nondominant, nonirritant, nonmigrants, nonmilitant, nonpregnant, nonrelevant, nonresonant, nonruminant, obscurantic, observantly, overmantels, overplanted, pageantries, pantalettes, pantdresses, pantheistic, pantographs, pantomiming, pantomimist, pantropical, pantywaists, participant, peasantries, phantasmata, phantasying, phantomlike, piquantness, plainchants, plantations, plantigrade, plantocracy, pleasantest, pococurante, portmanteau, precipitant, predominant, preplanting, preromantic, propellants, protectants, protestants, protuberant, pursuivants, pyracanthas, quantifiers, quantifying, quantitated, quantitates, quarantined, quarantines, recantation, recombinant, redundantly, refrigerant, registrants, reimplanted, reluctantly, remonstrant, repentantly, repugnantly, restaurants, resultantly, retreatants, reverberant, romanticise, romanticism, romanticist, romanticize, scantnesses, scintillant, semanticist, sergeanties, serjeanties, servanthood, servantless, shantytowns, significant, solicitants, subdominant, submediants, substantial, substantive, supergiants, supernatant, supplanters, supplanting, suppliantly, supplicants, suppressant, surfactants, surveillant, sycophantic, sycophantly, tantalising, tantalizers, tantalizing, tarantellas, topgallants, tragacanths, transhumant, transplants, trenchantly, trochanters, unbrilliant, undertenant, unenchanted, ungallantly, unimportant, unreluctant, unrepentant, unresistant, unwarranted, valiantness, vigilantism, warrantable, warrantably, warrantless, xanthophyll, zoantharian12-letter wordsadministrant, advantageous, agapanthuses, alloantibody, alloantigens, antagonistic, antagonizing, antecedences, antecedently, antechambers, antediluvian, antependiums, anthelmintic, anthocyanins, anthological, anthologists, anthologized, anthologizer, anthologizes, anthophilous, anthracnoses, anthranilate, anthropology, antiabortion, antiacademic, antiaircraft, antibacklash, antiblackism, antiboycotts, antiburglary, antibusiness, anticipating, anticipation, anticipators, anticipatory, anticlerical, anticlimaxes, anticlotting, anticolonial, anticonsumer, anticreative, anticultural, anticyclones, anticyclonic, antidandruff, antidiabetic, antidilution, antidogmatic, antieconomic, antielectron, antielitisms, antielitists, antientropic, antiepilepsy, antiestrogen, antifascisms, antifascists, antifashions, antifeminine, antifeminism, antifeminist, antifriction, antigambling, antigenicity, antiglobulin, antiheroines, antihumanism, antihuntings, antihysteric, antikickback, antileukemic, antiliberals, antiliterate, antilynching, antimacassar, antimagnetic, antimalarial, antimilitary, antimissiles, antimitotics, antimonopoly, antimosquito, antinational, antinepotism, antineutrino, antineutrons, antinovelist, antinucleons, antioxidants, antiozonants, antiparallel, antiparticle, antipathetic, antiphonally, antipiracies, antipleasure, antipoaching, antipolitics, antipredator, antipruritic, antipyretics, antiquarians, antiquations, antirachitic, antirational, antirealisms, antirealists, antireligion, antiromantic, antiroyalist, antirrhinums, antisciences, antisocially, antispending, antistrophes, antistrophic, antitakeover, antithetical, antithrombin, antitrusters, antitussives, antiviolence, antivitamins, antonomasias, appurtenants, autoantibody, bantamweight, bipropellant, brilliantine, cantankerous, cantharidins, cantilevered, cantillating, cantillation, chanterelles, chanticleers, clairvoyants, codefendants, communicants, complainants, concelebrant, concomitants, concordantly, contaminants, cosurfactant, decantations, decongestant, determinants, dilettantish, dilettantism, disadvantage, discordantly, discrepantly, discriminant, disenchanted, disenchanter, disinfectant, disinfestant, enantiomeric, enantiomorph, enchantingly, enchantments, equilibrants, exanthematic, exorbitantly, expectorants, explantation, fantasticate, fantasticoes, fantasylands, flamboyantly, fucoxanthins, gallivanting, geanticlines, gigantically, guaranteeing, hamantaschen, hierophantic, hypoxanthine, ignorantness, implantation, incantations, inconstantly, infanticidal, infanticides, infantilisms, infantilized, infantilizes, insouciantly, instantiated, instantiates, interactants, interplanted, intolerantly, irrelevantly, isoantigenic, maidservants, manifestants, mantelpieces, matriculants, mercantilism, mercantilist, merchantable, militantness, misanthropes, misanthropic, misdemeanant, nonantigenic, nonchalantly, noncombatant, nonconstants, nondominants, nonimmigrant, nonmalignant, nonmilitants, nonobservant, nonredundant, nonresistant, nonruminants, obscurantism, obscurantist, overabundant, overdominant, overplanting, pantechnicon, pantisocracy, pantographic, pantomimists, pantothenate, participants, pedantically, phenanthrene, philanthropy, plantigrades, pleasantness, pleasantries, pliantnesses, polyanthuses, portmanteaus, portmanteaux, postromantic, precipitants, premalignant, preponderant, quantifiable, quantitating, quantitation, quantitative, quantization, quarantining, recalcitrant, recantations, recombinants, refrigerants, rehabilitant, reimplanting, remonstrants, replantation, romantically, romanticised, romanticises, romanticisms, romanticists, romanticized, romanticizes, scantinesses, semantically, semanticists, semidominant, servanthoods, somnambulant, strophanthin, subantarctic, subdebutante, subdominants, substantials, substantiate, substantival, substantives, supernatants, suppressants, surveillants, sycophantish, sycophantism, tradescantia, transductant, transhumants, transplanted, transplanter, triumphantly, trochanteral, trochanteric, ultradistant, uncovenanted, undertenants, unflamboyant, unpleasantly, vacantnesses, vigilantisms, wantonnesses, xanthophylls, zoantharians, zooxanthella13-letter wordsadministrants, antediluvians, antepenultima, anthelmintics, anthologizers, anthologizing, anthophyllite, anthranilates, anthraquinone, anthropogenic, anthropometry, anthropomorph, anthropophagi, anthropophagy, anthroposophy, antiacademics, antiaircrafts, antiapartheid, antiarthritic, antiarthritis, antiauthority, antibacterial, antibillboard, antiblackisms, antibourgeois, anticellulite, anticigarette, anticipatable, anticipations, anticlassical, anticlericals, anticlimactic, anticlockwise, anticoagulant, anticollision, anticommunism, anticommunist, anticonsumers, anticorporate, anticorrosion, anticorrosive, antidesiccant, antidiabetics, antidiarrheal, antielectrons, antiepileptic, antiestrogens, antievolution, antifeminisms, antifeminists, antifertility, antiforeigner, antiformalist, antifrictions, antigenically, antiglobulins, antigravities, antiguerrilla, antihistamine, antihumanisms, antihysterics, antiliterates, antilittering, antilogarithm, antimacassars, antimalarials, antimarijuana, antimechanist, antimetabolic, antimicrobial, antimodernist, antinarrative, antinepotisms, antineutrinos, antinomianism, antinovelists, antiobesities, antiobscenity, antiparasitic, antiparticles, antipersonnel, antipesticide, antiphonaries, antipleasures, antipolitical, antipollution, antipredators, antipsychotic, antirecession, antirejection, antireligious, antirheumatic, antiritualism, antiromantics, antiroyalists, antisatellite, antiscorbutic, antisexuality, antislaveries, antismuggling, antisocialist, antispasmodic, antisubmarine, antisymmetric, antitakeovers, antiterrorism, antiterrorist, antithrombins, assistantship, bantamweights, bipropellants, brilliantines, canthaxanthin, cantilevering, cantillations, chrysanthemum, clairvoyantly, complaisantly, concelebrants, concomitantly, cosurfactants, decongestants, determinantal, dilettantisms, disadvantaged, disadvantages, discriminants, disenchanters, disenchanting, disinfectants, disinfestants, dismantlement, disquantitied, disquantities, distantnesses, elephantiases, elephantiasis, enantiomorphs, enchantresses, equidistantly, equiponderant, exanthematous, explantations, extravagantly, fantastically, fantasticated, fantasticates, flagellantism, franticnesses, grantsmanship, hyperromantic, hypervigilant, hypoxanthines, implantations, incantational, infantilities, infantilizing, insignificant, instantaneity, instantaneous, instantiating, instantiation, instantnesses, insubstantial, interplanting, intransigeant, introgressant, isoantibodies, lycanthropies, mantelshelves, mercantilisms, mercantilists, misanthropies, misdemeanants, nonantibiotic, noncombatants, nonimmigrants, nonintoxicant, nonresistants, obscurantisms, obscurantists, overexuberant, pantechnicons, pantheistical, pantisocratic, pantothenates, phenanthrenes, philanthropic, piquantnesses, plantocracies, pococurantism, postdebutante, precipitantly, predominantly, protuberantly, quantitations, quantizations, recalcitrants, rehabilitants, remonstrantly, replantations, restauranteur, reverberantly, rhadamanthine, romanticising, romanticizing, scintillantly, significantly, strophanthins, subdebutantes, sublieutenant, substantially, substantiated, substantiates, substantively, substantivize, superabundant, supermilitant, superromantic, supplantation, sycophantisms, tantalizingly, tradescantias, transatlantic, transductants, transplanters, transplanting, ultramilitant, ultraromantic, unanticipated, unrepentantly, unsubstantial, unwarrantable, unwarrantably, valiantnesses, zooxanthellae14-letter wordsaccountantship, advantageously, alloantibodies, antepenultimas, anthophyllites, anthraquinones, anthropologies, anthropologist, anthropometric, anthropomorphs, anthropophagus, antiaggression, antialcoholism, antiallergenic, antiapartheids, antiarrhythmic, antiarthritics, antibacterials, antibiotically, anticapitalism, anticapitalist, anticarcinogen, anticensorship, anticoagulants, anticommercial, anticommunisms, anticommunists, anticonvulsant, anticonvulsive, anticorruption, antidefamation, antidemocratic, antidepressant, antidepression, antiderivative, antidesiccants, antidromically, antiepileptics, antifilibuster, antiformalists, antigenicities, antigovernment, antiguerrillas, antihistamines, antihistaminic, antihistorical, antihomosexual, antihumanistic, antiliberalism, antilogarithms, antimanagement, antimechanists, antimetabolics, antimetabolite, antimicrobials, antimilitarism, antimilitarist, antimodernists, antimonarchist, antimonopolist, antineoplastic, antinomianisms, antiperspirant, antiphlogistic, antipollutions, antipsychotics, antiquarianism, antiradicalism, antirecessions, antireflection, antireflective, antiregulatory, antirheumatics, antiritualisms, antiscientific, antiscorbutics, antiseparatist, antiseptically, antisocialists, antispasmodics, antisubversion, antisubversive, antisyphilitic, antitechnology, antiterrorisms, antiterrorists, antithetically, antitubercular, antiuniversity, assistantships, autoantibodies, benzanthracene, cantankerously, canthaxanthins, chrysanthemums, circumstantial, consubstantial, consultantship, cryoprotectant, disadvantaging, disenchantment, dismantlements, disquantitying, enantiomorphic, fantasticality, fantasticating, fantastication, flagellantisms, grantsmanships, homotransplant, ignorantnesses, instantiations, intolerantness, intransigeants, introgressants, mercantilistic, methylxanthine, militantnesses, monopropellant, nonantibiotics, nonparticipant, nonrecombinant, nonsignificant, pantisocracies, pantisocratist, phantasmagoria, phantasmagoric, philanthropies, philanthropist, philanthropoid, pithecanthropi, pleasantnesses, pococurantisms, postdebutantes, preconsonantal, preponderantly, pseudopregnant, quantification, quantitatively, reimplantation, restauranteurs, sublieutenants, substantiality, substantiating, substantiation, substantiative, substantivally, substantivized, substantivizes, supplantations, sycophantishly, transplantable, unpleasantness, unquantifiable, unromantically, unromanticized15-letter wordsacanthocephalan, accountantships, antepenultimate, anthropocentric, anthropological, anthropologists, anthropometries, anthropomorphic, anthropopathism, anthropophagies, anthropophagous, anthroposophies, antiabortionist, antialcoholisms, antiallergenics, antiaphrodisiac, anticapitalisms, anticapitalists, anticarcinogens, anticholesterol, anticholinergic, anticlericalism, anticlimactical, anticolonialism, anticolonialist, anticompetitive, anticonvulsants, anticonvulsives, anticorruptions, antidepressants, antidepressions, antiderivatives, antidevelopment, antieducational, antiegalitarian, antifashionable, antiferromagnet, antiforeclosure, antihistaminics, antiliberalisms, antilibertarian, antimanagements, antimaterialism, antimaterialist, antimetabolites, antimilitarisms, antimilitarists, antimonarchical, antimonarchists, antimonopolists, antinationalist, antiobscenities, antiperspirants, antipornography, antiprogressive, antiquarianisms, antiradicalisms, antirationalism, antirationalist, antirationality, antiromanticism, antisegregation, antisentimental, antiseparatists, antisexualities, antishoplifting, antispeculation, antispeculative, antisubversions, antisyphilitics, antitheoretical, antitraditional, antituberculous, antivivisection, benzanthracenes, chorioallantoic, chorioallantois, circumstantiate, consultantships, counterirritant, cryoprotectants, disadvantageous, disenchantingly, disenchantments, enantiomorphism, enantiomorphous, fantasticalness, fantastications, homotransplants, infantilization, insignificantly, instantaneities, instantaneously, intransigeantly, merchantability, methylxanthines, monopropellants, necromantically, nonantagonistic, nonparticipants, nonquantifiable, nonquantitative, nonrecombinants, overextravagant, pantheistically, pantisocratical, pantisocratists, phantasmagorias, philanthropical, philanthropists, philanthropoids, pithecanthropus, postconsonantal, precipitantness, preimplantation, quantifications, reimplantations, romanticization, substantialness, substantiations, substantiveness, substantivizing, superabundantly, sycophantically, transplantation, transubstantial, unanticipatedly, unsubstantially, unsubstantiated, warrantableness16-letter wordsacanthocephalans, advantageousness, antagonistically, antepenultimates, anthropocentrism, anthropomorphism, anthropomorphist, anthropomorphize, anthropopathisms, antiabortionists, antiaphrodisiacs, antiaristocratic, antiassimilation, antibureaucratic, anticarcinogenic, anticholinergics, anticlericalisms, anticolonialisms, anticolonialists, anticonglomerate, anticonservation, anticonventional, antievolutionary, antievolutionism, antievolutionist, antiferromagnets, antiforeclosures, antihierarchical, antihumanitarian, antihypertensive, antilibertarians, antimaterialisms, antimaterialists, antimetaphysical, antinationalists, antiorganization, antipathetically, antipornographic, antiprofiteering, antiprostitution, antiracketeering, antirationalisms, antirationalists, antirecessionary, antireductionism, antireductionist, antiromanticisms, antisegregations, antispeculations, antistrophically, antitotalitarian, antituberculosis, antiunemployment, antiuniversities, antivivisections, cantankerousness, circumstantially, circumstantiated, circumstantiates, counterirritants, enantiomorphisms, fantasticalities, infantilizations, insubstantiality, intolerantnesses, mesembryanthemum, misanthropically, nonsignificantly, phantasmagorical, pithecanthropine, quantificational, quantitativeness, romanticizations, semiquantitative, substantialities, superromanticism, supersubstantial, transplantations, transubstantiate, unpleasantnesses, unsubstantiality17-letter wordsanthropocentrisms, anthropologically, anthropomorphisms, anthropomorphists, anthropomorphized, anthropomorphizes, antiassimilations, antiauthoritarian, anticlimactically, anticommercialism, anticonservations, antidesegregation, antiestablishment, antievolutionisms, antievolutionists, antiferromagnetic, antihumanitarians, antihypertensives, antimiscegenation, antiorganizations, antipornographies, antiprostitutions, antirationalities, antireductionisms, antireductionists, antirevolutionary, antischizophrenia, antischizophrenic, antitechnological, chorioallantoides, circumstantiality, circumstantiating, consubstantiation, diphenylhydantoin, disadvantagedness, disadvantageously, fantasticalnesses, immunosuppressant, instantaneousness, merchantabilities, mesembryanthemums, nonanthropologist, paleoanthropology, philanthropically, pithecanthropines, precipitantnesses, substantialnesses, substantivenesses, superromanticisms, transplantability, transubstantiated, transubstantiates, warrantablenesses18-letter wordsadvantageousnesses, anthropocentricity, anthropomorphizing, antiadministration, anticholinesterase, anticommercialisms, anticounterfeiting, antidiscrimination, antiferromagnetism, antischizophrenics, antivivisectionist, cantankerousnesses, consubstantiations, diphenylhydantoins, immunosuppressants, insubstantialities, methylcholanthrene, nonanthropological, nonanthropologists, quantificationally, quantitativenesses, semiquantitatively, transubstantiating, transubstantiation, unsubstantialities19-letter wordsanthropocentrically, anthropomorphically, antiadministrations, anticholinesterases, anticonservationist, antidesertification, antiferromagnetisms, antifluoridationist, antirevolutionaries, antivivisectionists, circumstantialities, disadvantagednesses, disadvantageousness, homotransplantation, instantaneousnesses, methylcholanthrenes, paleoanthropologies, paleoanthropologist, transplantabilities, transubstantiations20-letter wordsanthropocentricities, anthropomorphization, antiauthoritarianism, anticonservationists, antifluoridationists, homotransplantations, paleoanthropological, paleoanthropologists21-letter wordsanthropomorphizations, antiauthoritarianisms, antiferromagnetically, disadvantageousnesses3118 words found.
What is the results of a mutation?
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.[1][2][3] They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation.Mutation can result in several different types of change in DNA sequences; these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[4] Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on cells, organisms have evolved mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.[1] Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[5] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[6] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[7]Mutations can involve large sections of DNA becoming duplicated, usually through genetic recombination.[8] These duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes, with tens to hundreds of genes duplicated in animal genomes every million years.[9] Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry.[10] Novel genes are produced by several methods, commonly through the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene, or by recombining parts of different genes to form new combinations with new functions.[11][12] Here, domains act as modules, each with a particular and independent function, that can be mixed together to produce genes encoding new proteins with novel properties.[13] For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision; all four arose from a single ancestral gene.[14] Another advantage of duplicating a gene (or even an entire genome) is that this increases redundancy; this allows one gene in the pair to acquire a new function while the other copy performs the original function.[15][16] Other types of mutation occasionally create new genes from previously noncoding DNA.[17][18]Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then rearrange. For example, two chromosomes in the Homo genus fused to produce human chromosome 2; this fusion did not occur in the lineage of the other apes, and they retain these separate chromosomes.[19] In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, and thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations.[20]Sequences of DNA that can move about the genome, such as transposons, make up a major fraction of the genetic material of plants and animals, and may have been important in the evolution of genomes.[21] For example, more than a million copies of the Alu sequence are present in the human genome, and these sequences have now been recruited to perform functions such as regulating gene expression.[22] Another effect of these mobile DNA sequences is that when they move within a genome, they can mutate or delete existing genes and thereby produce genetic diversity.[2]In multicellular organisms with dedicated reproductive cells, mutations can be subdivided into germ line mutations, which can be passed on to descendants through their reproductive cells, and somatic mutations, which involve cells outside the dedicated reproductive group and which are not usually transmitted to descendants. If the organism can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as cuttings or budding the distinction can become blurred.For example, plants can sometimes transmit somatic mutations to their descendants asexually or sexually where flower buds develop in somatically mutated parts of plants. A new mutation that was not inherited from either parent is called a de novo mutation. The source of the mutation is unrelated to the consequence[clarification needed], although the consequences are related to which cells were mutated.Nonlethal mutations accumulate within the gene pool and increase the amount of genetic variation[23]. The abundance of some genetic changes within the gene pool can be reduced by natural selection, while other "more favorable" mutations may accumulate and result in adaptive evolutionary changes.For example, a butterfly may produce offspring with new mutations. The majority of these mutations will have no effect; but one might change the color of one of the butterfly's offspring, making it harder (or easier) for predators to see. If this color change is advantageous, the chance of this butterfly surviving and producing its own offspring are a little better, and over time the number of butterflies with this mutation may form a larger percentage of the population.Neutral mutations are defined as mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of an individual. These can accumulate over time due to genetic drift. It is believed that the overwhelming majority of mutations have no significant effect on an organism's fitness. Also, DNA repair mechanisms are able to mend most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.Mutation is generally accepted by biologists as the mechanism by which natural selection acts, generating advantageous new traits that survive and multiply in offspring as well as disadvantageous traits, in less fit offspring, that tend to die out.Contents[hide] 1 Classification of mutation types 1.1 By effect on structure1.2 By effect on function1.3 By effect on fitness1.4 By inheritance 1.4.1 By pattern of inheritance1.5 By impact on protein sequence1.6 Special classes1.7 Causes of mutation1.8 Nomenclature2 Harmful mutations3 Beneficial mutations4 Prion mutation5 See also6 References7 External linksClassification of mutation typesIllustrations of five types of chromosomal mutations. Selection of disease-causing mutations, in a standard table of the genetic code of amino acids.[24]By effect on structureThe sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations in the structure of genes can be classified as: Small-scale mutations, such as those affecting a small gene in one or a few nucleotides, including: Point mutations, often caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another[25]. These changes are classified as transitions or transversions[26]. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, (C ↔ T). A transition can be caused by nitrous acid, base mis-pairing, or mutagenic base analogs such as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Less common is a transversion, which exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine (C/T ↔ A/G). An example of a transversion is adenine (A) being converted into a cytosine (C). A point mutation can be reversed by another point mutation, in which the nucleotide is changed back to its original state (true reversion) or by second-site reversion (a complementary mutation elsewhere that results in regained gene functionality). Point mutations that occur within the protein coding region of a gene may be classified into three kinds, depending upon what the erroneous codon codes for: Silent mutations: which code for the same amino acid.Missense mutations: which code for a different amino acid.Nonsense mutations: which code for a stop and can truncate the protein.Insertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements, or errors during replication of repeating elements (e.g. AT repeats[citation needed]). Insertions in the coding region of a gene may alter splicing of the mRNA (splice site mutation), or cause a shift in the reading frame (frameshift), both of which can significantly alter the gene product. Insertions can be reverted by excision of the transposable element.Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. Like insertions, these mutations can alter the reading frame of the gene. They are generally irreversible: though exactly the same sequence might theoretically be restored by an insertion, transposable elements able to revert a very short deletion (say 1-2 bases) in any location are either highly unlikely to exist or do not exist at all. Note that a deletion is not the exact opposite of an insertion: the former is quite random while the latter consists of a specific sequence inserting at locations that are not entirely random or even quite narrowly defined.Large-scale mutations in chromosomal structure, including: Amplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of all chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them.Deletions of large chromosomal regions, leading to loss of the genes within those regions.Mutations whose effect is to juxtapose previously separate pieces of DNA, potentially bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes (e.g. bcr-abl). These include: Chromosomal translocations: interchange of genetic parts from nonhomologous chromosomes.Interstitial deletions: an intra-chromosomal deletion that removes a segment of DNA from a single chromosome, thereby apposing previously distant genes. For example, cells isolated from a human astrocytoma, a type of brain tumor, were found to have a chromosomal deletion removing sequences between the "fused in glioblastoma" (fig) gene and the receptor tyrosine kinase "ros", producing a fusion protein (FIG-ROS). The abnormal FIG-ROS fusion protein has constitutively active kinase activity that causes oncogenic transformation (a transformation from normal cells to cancer cells).Chromosomal inversions: reversing the orientation of a chromosomal segment.Loss of heterozygosity: loss of one allele, either by a deletion or recombination event, in an organism that previously had two different alleles.By effect on functionLoss-of-function mutations are the result of gene product having less or no function. When the allele has a complete loss of function (null allele) it is often called an amorphic mutation. Phenotypes associated with such mutations are most often recessive. Exceptions are when the organism is haploid, or when the reduced dosage of a normal gene product is not enough for a normal phenotype (this is called haploinsufficiency).Gain-of-function mutations change the gene product such that it gains a new and abnormal function. These mutations usually have dominant phenotypes. Often called a neomorphic mutation.Dominant negative mutations (also called antimorphic mutations) have an altered gene product that acts antagonistically to the wild-type allele. These mutations usually result in an altered molecular function (often inactive) and are characterised by a dominant or semi-dominant phenotype. In humans, Marfan syndrome is an example of a dominant negative mutation occurring in an autosomal dominant disease. In this condition, the defective glycoprotein product of the fibrillin gene (FBN1) antagonizes the product of the normal allele.Lethal mutations are mutations that lead to the death of the organisms which carry the mutations.A back mutation or reversion is a point mutation that restores the original sequence and hence the original phenotype.[27]By effect on fitnessIn applied genetics it is usual to speak of mutations as either harmful or beneficial. A harmful mutation is a mutation that decreases the fitness of the organism.A beneficial mutation is a mutation that increases fitness of the organism, or which promotes traits that are desirable.In theoretical population genetics, it is more usual to speak of such mutations as deleterious or advantageous. In the neutral theory of molecular evolution, genetic drift is the basis for most variation at the molecular level.A neutral mutation has no harmful or beneficial effect on the organism. Such mutations occur at a steady rate, forming the basis for the molecular clock.A deleterious mutation has a negative effect on the phenotype, and thus decreases the fitness of the organism.An advantageous mutation has a positive effect on the phenotype, and thus increases the fitness of the organism.A nearly neutral mutation is a mutation that may be slightly deleterious or advantageous, although most nearly neutral mutations are slightly deleterious.By inheritanceinheritable generic in pro-generic tissue or cells on path to be changed to gametes.non inheritable somatic (eg, carcinogenic mutation)non inheritable post mortem aDNA mutation in decaying remains.By pattern of inheritanceThe human genome contains two copies of each gene - a paternal and a maternal allele. A heterozygous mutation is a mutation of only one allele.A homozygous mutation is an identical mutation of both the paternal and maternal alleles.Compound heterozygous mutations or a genetic compound comprises two different mutations in the paternal and maternal alleles.[28]A wildtype or homozygous non-mutated organism is one in which neither allele is mutated. (Just not a mutation)By impact on protein sequenceA frameshift mutation is a mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can disrupt the reading frame, or the grouping of the codons, resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein produced is.A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated, and often nonfunctional protein product.Missense mutations or nonsynonymous mutations are types of point mutations where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid. This in turn can render the resulting protein nonfunctional. Such mutations are responsible for diseases such as Epidermolysis bullosa, sickle-cell disease, and SOD1 mediated ALS (Boillée 2006, p. 39).A neutral mutation is a mutation that occurs in an amino acid codon which results in the use of a different, but chemically similar, amino acid. The similarity between the two is enough that little or no change is often rendered in the protein. For example, a change from AAA to AGA will encode lysine, a chemically similar molecule to the intended arginine.Silent mutations are mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein. They may occur in a region that does not code for a protein, or they may occur within a codon in a manner that does not alter the final amino acid sequence. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are a subcategory of the former, occurring only within exons. The name silent could be a misnomer. For example, a silent mutation in the exon/intron border may lead to alternative splicing by changing the splice site (see Splice site mutation), thereby leading to a changed protein.Special classesConditional mutation is a mutation that has wild-type (or less severe) phenotype under certain "permissive" environmental conditions and a mutant phenotype under certain "restrictive" conditions. For example, a temperature-sensitive mutation can cause cell death at high temperature (restrictive condition), but might have no deleterious consequences at a lower temperature (permissive condition).Causes of mutationTwo classes of mutations are spontaneous mutations (molecular decay) and induced mutations caused by mutagens. Spontaneous mutations on the molecular level include:Tautomerism - A base is changed by the repositioning of a hydrogen atom, altering the hydrogen bonding pattern of that base resulting in incorrect base pairing during replication.Depurination - Loss of a purine base (A or G) to form an apurinic site (AP site).Deamination - Hydrolysis changes a normal base to an atypical base containing a keto group in place of the original amine group. Examples include C → U and A → HX (hypoxanthine), which can be corrected by DNA repair mechanisms; and 5MeC (5-methylcytosine) → T, which is less likely to be detected as a mutation because thymine is a normal DNA base.Transition - A purine changes to another purine, or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine.Transversion - A purine becomes a pyrimidine, or vice versa.A covalent adduct between benzo[a]pyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke, and DNA[29] Induced mutations on the molecular level can be caused by:Chemicals Hydroxylamine NH2OHBase analogs (e.g. BrdU)Alkylating agents (e.g. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) These agents can mutate both replicating and non-replicating DNA. In contrast, a base analog can only mutate the DNA when the analog is incorporated in replicating the DNA. Each of these classes of chemical mutagens has certain effects that then lead to transitions, transversions, or deletions.Agents that form DNA adducts (e.g. ochratoxin A metabolites)[30]DNA intercalating agents (e.g. ethidium bromide)DNA crosslinkersOxidative damageNitrous acid converts amine groups on A and C to diazo groups, altering their hydrogen bonding patterns which leads to incorrect base pairing during replication.Radiation Ultraviolet radiation (nonionizing radiation). Two nucleotide bases in DNA - cytosine and thymine - are most vulnerable to radiation that can change their properties. UV light can induce adjacent thymine bases in a DNA strand to pair with each other, as a bulky dimer.Ionizing radiationViral infections[31]DNA has so-called hotspots, where mutations occur up to 100 times more frequently than the normal mutation rate. A hotspot can be at an unusual base, e.g., 5-methylcytosine.Mutation rates also vary across species. Evolutionary biologists have theorized that higher mutation rates are beneficial in some situations, because they allow organisms to evolve and therefore adapt more quickly to their environments. For example, repeated exposure of bacteria to antibiotics, and selection of resistant mutants, can result in the selection of bacteria that have a much higher mutation rate than the original population (mutator strains).NomenclatureNomenclature of mutations specify the type of mutation and base or amino acid changes. Nucleotide substitution (e.g. 76A>T) - The number is the position of the nucleotide from the 5' end, the first letter represents the wild type nucleotide, and the second letter represents the nucleotide which replaced the wild type. In the given example, the adenine at the 76th position was replaced by a thymine. If it becomes necessary to differentiate between mutations in genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and RNA, a simple convention is used. For example, if the 100th base of a nucleotide sequence mutated from G to C, then it would be written as g.100G>C if the mutation occurred in genomic DNA, m.100G>C if the mutation occurred in mitochondrial DNA, or r.100g>c if the mutation occurred in RNA. Note that for mutations in RNA, the nucleotide code is written in lower case.Amino acid substitution (e.g. D111E) - The first letter is the one letter code of the wild type amino acid, the number is the position of the amino acid from the N terminus, and the second letter is the one letter code of the amino acid present in the mutation. Nonsense mutations are represented with an X for the second amino acid (e.g. D111X).Amino acid deletion (e.g. ΔF508) - The Greek letter Δ (delta) indicates a deletion. The letter refers to the amino acid present in the wild type and the number is the position from the N terminus of the amino acid were it to be present as in the wild type.Harmful mutationsChanges in DNA caused by mutation can cause errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. To function correctly, each cell depends on thousands of proteins to function in the right places at the right times. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, a medical condition can result. A condition caused by mutations in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder. Some mutations alter a gene's DNA base sequence but do not change the function of the protein made by the gene. Studies of the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation does change a protein, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[32] However, studies in yeast have shown that only 7% of mutations that are not in genes are harmful.[33] If a mutation is present in a germ cell, it can give rise to offspring that carries the mutation in all of its cells. This is the case in hereditary diseases. On the other hand, a mutation may occur in a somatic cell of an organism. Such mutations will be present in all descendants of this cell within the same organism, and certain mutations can cause the cell to become malignant, and thus cause cancer[34].Often, gene mutations that could cause a genetic disorder are repaired by the DNA repair system of the cell. Each cell has a number of pathways through which enzymes recognize and repair mistakes in DNA. Because DNA can be damaged or mutated in many ways, the process of DNA repair is an important way in which the body protects itself from disease.Beneficial mutationsAlthough most mutations that change protein sequences are harmful, some mutations have a positive effect on an organism. In this case, the mutation may enable the mutant organism to withstand particular environmental stresses better than wild-type organisms, or reproduce more quickly. In these cases a mutation will tend to become more common in a population through natural selection. For example, a specific 32 base pair deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) confers HIV resistance to homozygotes and delays AIDS onset in heterozygotes.[35] The CCR5 mutation is more common in those of European descent. One possible explanation of the etiology of the relatively high frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in the European population is that it conferred resistance to the bubonic plague in mid-14th century Europe. People with this mutation were more likely to survive infection; thus its frequency in the population increased.[36] This theory could explain why this mutation is not found in Africa, where the bubonic plague never reached. A newer theory suggests that the selective pressure on the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation was caused by smallpox instead of the bubonic plague.[37]Prion mutationPrions are proteins and don't contain genetic material, however prion replication has been shown to be subject to mutationand natural selection just like other forms of replication.[38] See alsoAneuploidyAntioxidantBudgerigar colour geneticsHomeoboxMacromutationMuller's morphsMutantPolyploidyRobertsonian translocationSignature tagged mutagenesisSite-directed mutagenesisTILLING (molecular biology)References^ a b Bertram J (2000). "The molecular biology of cancer". Mol. Aspects Med. 21(6): 167-223. doi:10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8. PMID 11173079.^ a b Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA (2005). "Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila". Science 309(5735): 764-7. doi:10.1126/science.1112699. PMID 16051794.^ Burrus V, Waldor M (2004). "Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements". Res. Microbiol.155 (5): 376-86. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012. PMID 15207870.^ Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL (2007). "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.104 (16): 6504-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104. PMID 17409186.^ Sniegowski P, Gerrish P, Johnson T, Shaver A (2000). "The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences". Bioessays 22 (12): 1057-66. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200012)22:123.0.CO;2-W. PMID 11084621.^ Drake JW, Holland JJ (1999). "Mutation rates among RNA viruses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (24): 13910-3. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13910. PMID 10570172. PMC 24164. http://www.pnas.org/content/96/24/13910.long.^ Holland J, Spindler K, Horodyski F, Grabau E, Nichol S, VandePol S (1982). "Rapid evolution of RNA genomes". Science 215 (4540): 1577-85. doi:10.1126/science.7041255. PMID 7041255.^ Hastings, P J; Lupski, JR; Rosenberg, SM; Ira, G (2009). "Mechanisms of change in gene copy number". Nature Reviews. Genetics 10 (8): 551-564. doi:10.1038/nrg2593. PMID 19597530.^ Carroll SB, Grenier J, Weatherbee SD (2005). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1950-0.^ Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). "Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution". J Mol Biol 318 (5): 1155-74. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2. PMID 12083509.^ Orengo CA, Thornton JM (2005). "Protein families and their evolution-a structural perspective". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 74: 867-900. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133029. PMID 15954844.^ Long M, Betrán E, Thornton K, Wang W (November 2003). "The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old". Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 (11): 865-75. doi:10.1038/nrg1204. PMID 14634634.^ Wang M, Caetano-Anollés G (2009). "The evolutionary mechanics of domain organization in proteomes and the rise of modularity in the protein world". Structure 17 (1): 66-78. doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.11.008. PMID 19141283.^ Bowmaker JK (1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye (London, England) 12 (Pt 3b): 541-7. PMID 9775215.^ Gregory TR, Hebert PD (1999). "The modulation of DNA content: proximate causes and ultimate consequences". Genome Res. 9 (4): 317-24. doi:10.1101/gr.9.4.317 (inactive 2009-11-14). PMID 10207154. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/9/4/317.full.^ Hurles M (July 2004). "Gene duplication: the genomic trade in spare parts". PLoS Biol. 2 (7): E206. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206. PMID 15252449.^ Liu N, Okamura K, Tyler DM (2008). "The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes". Cell Res. 18 (10): 985-96. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.278. PMID 18711447. PMC 2712117. http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v18/n10/full/cr2008278a.html.^ Siepel A (October 2009). "Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA". Genome Res. 19 (10): 1693-5. doi:10.1101/gr.098376.109. PMID 19797681. PMC 2765273. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1693.full.^ Zhang J, Wang X, Podlaha O (2004). "Testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees". Genome Res. 14 (5): 845-51. doi:10.1101/gr.1891104. PMID 15123584.^ Ayala FJ, Coluzzi M (2005). "Chromosome speciation: humans, Drosophila, and mosquitoes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (Suppl 1): 6535-42. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501847102. PMID 15851677. PMC 1131864. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/suppl.1/6535.full.^ Hurst GD, Werren JH (2001). "The role of selfish genetic elements in eukaryotic evolution". Nat. Rev. Genet.2 (8): 597-606. doi:10.1038/35084545. PMID 11483984.^ Häsler J, Strub K (2006). "Alu elements as regulators of gene expression". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (19): 5491-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl706. PMID 17020921.^ Eyre-Walker, A.; Keightley, P. (Aug 2007). "The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations". Nature reviews. Genetics 8 (8): 610-618. doi:10.1038/nrg2146. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17637733. edit^ References for the image are found in Wikimedia Commons page at: Commons:File:Notable mutations.svg#References.^ Freese, Ernst (April 1959). "The Difference between Spontaneous and Base-Analogue Induced Mutations of Phage T4". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45 (4): 622-33. doi:10.1073/pnas.45.4.622. PMID 16590424.^ Freese, Ernst (1959). "The Specific Mutagenic Effect of Base Analogues on Phage T4". J. Mol. Biol. 1: 87-105. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(59)80038-3.^ Ellis NA, Ciocci S, German J (2001). "Back mutation can produce phenotype reversion in Bloom syndrome somatic cells". Hum Genet 108 (2): 167-73. doi:10.1007/s004390000447. PMID 11281456. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00439/bibs/1108002/11080167.htm.^ Medterms.com^ Created from PDB 1JDG^ Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (January 2007). "Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans". Mol Nutr Food Res 51 (1): 61-99. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600137. PMID 17195275.^ Pilon L, Langelier Y, Royal A (1 August 1986). "Herpes simplex virus type 2 mutagenesis: characterization of mutants induced at the hprt locus of nonpermissive XC cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (8): 2977-83. PMID 3023954. PMC 367868. http://mcb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3023954.^ Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL (2007). "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.104 (16): 6504-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104. PMID 17409186.^ Doniger SW, Kim HS, Swain D, et al. (August 2008). "A catalog of neutral and deleterious polymorphism in yeast". PLoS Genet. 4 (8): e1000183. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000183. PMID 18769710.^ Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature 363 (6429): 558-61. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985.^ "CCR5 receptor gene and HIV infection, Antonio Pacheco.". http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/factsheets/FS_CCR5.htm.^ "PBS:Secrets of the Dead. Case File: Mystery of the Black Death". http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/previous_seasons/case_plague/clues.html.^ Galvani A, Slatkin M (2003). "Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(25): 15276-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.2435085100. PMID 14645720.^ 'Lifeless' prion proteins are 'capable of evolution'External links"All About Mutations" from the Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at StanfordCentral Locus Specific Variation Database at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyThe mutations chapter of the WikiBooks General Biology textbookExamples of Beneficial MutationsCorrecting mutation by gene therapyBBC Radio 4 In Our Time - GENETIC MUTATION - with Steve Jones - streaming audio
What are all the Words that have an 'x' in them?
4-letter wordsapex, axal, axed, axel, axes, axil, axis, axle, axon, boxy, calx, coax, coxa, crux, dexy, doux, doxy, eaux, exam, exec, exes, exit, exon, expo, falx, faux, fixt, flax, flex, flux, foxy, hoax, ibex, ilex, ixia, jeux, jinx, luxe, lynx, maxi, minx, mixt, moxa, next, nixe, nixy, onyx, oryx, oxen, oxes, oxid, oxim, pixy, prex, roux, sext, sexy, taxa, taxi, text, vext, waxy, xyst5-letter wordsaddax, admix, affix, annex, ataxy, auxin, axels, axial, axile, axils, axing, axiom, axite, axled, axles, axman, axmen, axone, axons, beaux, bemix, borax, boxed, boxer, boxes, braxy, buxom, calix, calyx, carex, cimex, codex, comix, coxae, coxal, coxed, coxes, culex, cylix, desex, detox, dewax, dexes, dexie, dixit, doxie, epoxy, exact, exalt, exams, excel, execs, exert, exile, exine, exist, exits, exons, expel, expos, extol, extra, exude, exult, exurb, faxed, faxes, fixed, fixer, fixes, fixit, flaxy, foxed, foxes, galax, goxes, hapax, helix, hexad, hexed, hexer, hexes, hexyl, hyrax, immix, index, infix, ixias, ixora, ixtle, kexes, kylix, latex, laxer, laxly, lexes, lexis, loxed, loxes, luxes, maxim, maxis, mirex, mixed, mixer, mixes, mixup, moxas, moxie, murex, nexus, nixed, nixes, nixie, oxbow, oxeye, oxide, oxids, oxime, oxims, oxlip, oxter, paxes, phlox, pixel, pixes, pixie, poxed, poxes, prexy, proxy, pyxes, pyxie, pyxis, radix, raxed, raxes, redox, redux, refix, relax, remex, remix, retax, rewax, rexes, saxes, sexed, sexes, sexto, sexts, silex, sixes, sixmo, sixte, sixth, sixty, taxed, taxer, taxes, taxis, taxon, taxus, telex, texas, texts, toxic, toxin, tuxes, twixt, unbox, unfix, unsex, varix, vexed, vexer, vexes, vexil, vixen, waxed, waxen, waxer, waxes, xebec, xenia, xenic, xenon, xeric, xerus, xylan, xylem, xylol, xylyl, xysti, xysts, zaxes6-letter wordsadieux, admixt, adnexa, afflux, alexia, alexin, alkoxy, annexe, anoxia, anoxic, apexes, ataxia, ataxic, auspex, auxins, axeman, axemen, axenic, axilla, axioms, axised, axises, axites, axlike, axonal, axones, axonic, axseed, bemixt, biaxal, biflex, bijoux, bollix, bollox, bombax, bombyx, boxcar, boxers, boxful, boxier, boxing, calxes, caudex, cervix, claxon, climax, coaxal, coaxed, coaxer, coaxes, coccyx, commix, convex, cortex, cowpox, coxing, cruxes, deluxe, dexies, dexter, dextro, dioxid, dioxin, diplex, dixits, doxies, duplex, earwax, efflux, elixir, ethoxy, eutaxy, exacta, exacts, exalts, examen, exarch, exceed, excels, except, excess, excide, excise, excite, excuse, exedra, exempt, exequy, exerts, exeunt, exhale, exhort, exhume, exiled, exiles, exilic, exines, exists, exited, exodoi, exodos, exodus, exogen, exonic, exotic, expand, expect, expels, expend, expert, expire, expiry, export, expose, exsect, exsert, extant, extend, extent, extern, extoll, extols, extort, extras, exuded, exudes, exults, exurbs, exuvia, faxing, fixate, fixers, fixing, fixity, fixure, flaxen, flaxes, flexed, flexes, flexor, fluxed, fluxes, fornix, foxier, foxily, foxing, galaxy, hallux, hatbox, hexade, hexads, hexane, hexers, hexing, hexone, hexose, hexyls, hoaxed, hoaxer, hoaxes, hotbox, ibexes, icebox, ilexes, influx, ixodid, ixoras, ixtles, jinxed, jinxes, klaxon, larynx, laxest, laxity, lexeme, lexica, loxing, lummox, luxate, luxury, lynxes, mastix, matrix, maxima, maxims, maxixe, meninx, minxes, mixers, mixing, mixups, moxies, myxoid, myxoma, nixies, nixing, nontax, onyxes, oryxes, outbox, outfox, oxalic, oxalis, oxbows, oxcart, oxeyes, oxford, oxides, oxidic, oximes, oxlips, oxtail, oxters, oxygen, paxwax, pegbox, peroxy, phenix, pickax, pixels, pixies, plexal, plexor, plexus, poleax, pollex, poxing, praxes, praxis, prefix, premix, pretax, prexes, prolix, pyxies, raxing, reflex, reflux, remixt, saxony, scolex, sexier, sexily, sexing, sexism, sexist, sexpot, sextan, sextet, sexton, sextos, sexual, silvex, sixmos, sixtes, sixths, smilax, spadix, sphinx, storax, styrax, subfix, suffix, surtax, syntax, syrinx, taxeme, taxers, taxied, taxies, taxing, taxite, taxman, taxmen, taxons, teabox, thorax, toxine, toxins, toxoid, tuxedo, unfixt, unisex, unmixt, unsexy, unvext, urtext, vernix, vertex, vexers, vexils, vexing, vixens, volvox, vortex, waxers, waxier, waxily, waxing, xebecs, xenial, xenias, xenons, xylans, xylems, xylene, xyloid, xylols, xylose, xylyls, xyster, xystoi, xystos, xystus7-letter wordsabaxial, abaxile, adaxial, addaxes, admixed, admixes, adnexal, affixal, affixed, affixer, affixes, alexias, alexine, alexins, alloxan, annexed, annexes, anorexy, anoxias, antefix, anthrax, antisex, antitax, anxiety, anxious, apraxia, apraxic, apteryx, aruspex, asexual, asphyxy, ataraxy, ataxias, ataxics, ataxies, auxeses, auxesis, auxetic, auxinic, axially, axillae, axillar, axillas, axolotl, axoneme, axseeds, bandbox, bateaux, bauxite, beeswax, bemixed, bemixes, betaxed, betwixt, biaxial, boombox, boraxes, boxcars, boxfish, boxfuls, boxhaul, boxiest, boxings, boxlike, boxwood, braxies, broadax, bruxism, bureaux, buxomer, buxomly, cachexy, calyxes, carapax, cashbox, chamoix, claxons, coalbox, coannex, coaxers, coaxial, coaxing, coexert, coexist, commixt, complex, conflux, context, coteaux, coxalgy, coxcomb, coxitis, desexed, desexes, detoxed, detoxes, dewaxed, dewaxes, dextral, dextran, dextrin, digoxin, dioxane, dioxide, dioxids, dioxins, elixirs, epitaxy, epoxide, epoxied, epoxies, epoxyed, equinox, ethoxyl, exactas, exacted, exacter, exactly, exactor, exalted, exalter, examens, examine, example, exarchs, exarchy, exceeds, excepts, excerpt, excided, excides, excimer, exciple, excised, excises, excited, exciter, excites, exciton, excitor, exclaim, exclave, exclude, excreta, excrete, excused, excuser, excuses, execute, exedrae, exegete, exempla, exempts, exergue, exerted, exhaled, exhales, exhaust, exhibit, exhorts, exhumed, exhumer, exhumes, exigent, exilian, exiling, existed, exiting, exocarp, exoderm, exogamy, exogens, exordia, exosmic, exotica, exotics, exotism, expands, expanse, expects, expends, expense, experts, expiate, expired, expirer, expires, explain, explant, explode, exploit, explore, exports, exposal, exposed, exposer, exposes, exposit, expound, express, expulse, expunge, exscind, exsects, exserts, extends, extents, externe, externs, extinct, extolls, extorts, extract, extrema, extreme, extrude, exudate, exuding, exulted, exurban, exurbia, exuviae, exuvial, exuvium, feedbox, firebox, fixable, fixated, fixates, fixatif, fixedly, fixings, fixture, fixures, flaxier, flexile, flexing, flexion, flexors, flexure, flummox, fluxing, fluxion, fowlpox, foxfire, foxfish, foxhole, foxiest, foxings, foxlike, foxskin, foxtail, foxtrot, galaxes, gateaux, gearbox, hapaxes, helixes, hellbox, hexades, hexadic, hexagon, hexanes, hexapla, hexapod, hexerei, hexones, hexosan, hexoses, hoaxers, hoaxing, homosex, hydroxy, hypoxia, hypoxic, hyraxes, immixed, immixes, indexed, indexer, indexes, indoxyl, inexact, infixed, infixes, ixodids, jinxing, jukebox, klaxons, latexes, laxness, lexemes, lexemic, lexical, lexicon, lixivia, lockbox, luxated, luxates, mailbox, maxilla, maximal, maximin, maximum, maxixes, maxwell, methoxy, milieux, minimax, minxish, mirexes, mixable, mixible, mixture, monaxon, murexes, myxomas, narthex, nexuses, noxious, oratrix, outjinx, overlax, overmix, overtax, oxalate, oxazine, oxblood, oxcarts, oxfords, oxheart, oxidant, oxidase, oxidate, oxidise, oxidize, oxtails, oxyacid, oxygens, oxymora, oxyphil, oxysalt, oxysome, oxytone, packwax, panchax, paradox, pemphix, peroxid, perplex, phalanx, pharynx, phenoxy, phloxes, phoenix, pickaxe, pillbox, pixyish, plexors, poleaxe, postbox, postfix, pretext, prexies, princox, proxies, proximo, pyrexia, pyrexic, pyxides, pyxidia, quixote, radixes, reaffix, reannex, rectrix, redoxes, reexpel, refixed, refixes, reindex, relaxed, relaxer, relaxes, relaxin, remixed, remixes, reseaux, retaxed, retaxes, rewaxed, rewaxes, salpinx, saltbox, sandbox, saxhorn, saxtuba, sexiest, sexisms, sexists, sexless, sexpots, sextain, sextans, sextant, sextets, sextile, sextons, silexes, simplex, sixfold, sixteen, sixthly, sixties, soapbox, sonovox, spandex, subtaxa, subtext, taxable, taxably, taxemes, taxemic, taxicab, taxiing, taximan, taximen, taxites, taxitic, taxiway, taxless, taxpaid, taxwise, taxying, tectrix, telexed, telexes, texases, textile, textual, texture, toolbox, tortrix, toxemia, toxemic, toxical, toxines, toxoids, trioxid, triplex, tubifex, tuxedos, ulexite, unboxed, unboxes, unfixed, unfixes, unmixed, unsexed, unsexes, untaxed, unvexed, unwaxed, urtexts, uxorial, vexedly, vexilla, vixenly, waxbill, waxiest, waxings, waxlike, waxweed, waxwing, waxwork, waxworm, woadwax, woodbox, woodwax, workbox, xanthan, xanthic, xanthin, xerarch, xeroses, xerosis, xerotic, xeruses, xiphoid, xylenes, xylidin, xylitol, xyloses, xysters8-letter wordsacetoxyl, admixing, affixers, affixial, affixing, affluxes, aftertax, alexines, alloxans, amphioxi, amplexus, anatoxin, annexing, anorexia, anorexic, anoxemia, anoxemic, antefixa, anthelix, apomixes, apomixis, apoplexy, appendix, apraxias, asphyxia, ataraxia, ataraxic, auxetics, aviatrix, axiality, axillars, axillary, axiology, axletree, axolotls, axonemal, axonemes, axoplasm, bandeaux, batteaux, bauxites, bauxitic, bemixing, biconvex, biotoxin, bisexual, bollixed, bollixes, bolloxed, bolloxes, bombyxes, bordeaux, boxberry, boxboard, boxhauls, boxiness, boxthorn, boxwoods, breadbox, broadaxe, bruxisms, buxomest, cachexia, cachexic, cacomixl, carboxyl, cathexes, cathexis, caudexes, cervixes, chapeaux, chateaux, chronaxy, cicatrix, climaxed, climaxes, coccyxes, coexerts, coexists, coextend, commixed, commixes, contexts, convexes, convexly, cortexes, couteaux, cowpoxes, coxalgia, coxalgic, coxcombs, coxswain, crucifix, curtalax, deflexed, desexing, detoxify, detoxing, dewaxing, dextrans, dextrine, dextrins, dextrose, dextrous, digoxins, dioxanes, dioxides, diplexer, doxology, duplexed, duplexer, duplexes, duxelles, dyslexia, dyslexic, dystaxia, earwaxes, effluxes, ektexine, endexine, epicalyx, epitaxic, epoxides, epoxying, ethoxies, ethoxyls, eutaxies, euxenite, exacters, exactest, exacting, exaction, exactors, exalters, exalting, examined, examinee, examiner, examines, exampled, examples, exanthem, exarchal, excavate, exceeded, exceeder, excelled, excepted, excerpts, excessed, excesses, exchange, exciding, excimers, exciples, excising, excision, excitant, exciters, exciting, excitons, excitors, exclaims, exclaves, excluded, excluder, excludes, excretal, excreted, excreter, excretes, excursus, excusers, excusing, execrate, executed, executer, executes, executor, exegeses, exegesis, exegetes, exegetic, exemplar, exemplum, exempted, exequial, exequies, exercise, exergual, exergues, exerting, exertion, exertive, exhalant, exhalent, exhaling, exhausts, exhibits, exhorted, exhorter, exhumers, exhuming, exigence, exigency, exigible, exiguity, exiguous, eximious, existent, existing, exitless, exocarps, exocrine, exoderms, exoduses, exoergic, exogamic, exonumia, exorable, exorcise, exorcism, exorcist, exorcize, exordial, exordium, exosmose, exospore, exoteric, exotisms, exotoxic, exotoxin, expanded, expander, expandor, expanses, expected, expedite, expelled, expellee, expeller, expended, expender, expensed, expenses, experted, expertly, expiable, expiated, expiates, expiator, expirers, expiries, expiring, explains, explants, explicit, exploded, exploder, explodes, exploits, explored, explorer, explores, exponent, exported, exporter, exposals, exposers, exposing, exposits, exposure, expounds, expresso, expulsed, expulses, expunged, expunger, expunges, exscinds, exsecant, exsected, exserted, extended, extender, extensor, exterior, external, externes, extincts, extolled, extoller, extorted, extorter, extracts, extrados, extremer, extremes, extremum, extrorse, extruded, extruder, extrudes, extubate, exudates, exultant, exulting, exurbias, exuviate, fabliaux, fixatifs, fixating, fixation, fixative, fixities, fixtures, flaxiest, flaxseed, flexagon, flexible, flexibly, flexions, flextime, flexuose, flexuous, flexural, flexures, fluxions, fourplex, foxfires, foxglove, foxholes, foxhound, foxiness, foxskins, foxtails, foxtrots, galaxies, geotaxes, geotaxis, gloxinia, haruspex, hatboxes, heretrix, heritrix, hexagons, hexagram, hexamine, hexaplar, hexaplas, hexapods, hexapody, hexarchy, hexereis, hexosans, horsepox, hotboxes, hydroxyl, hypoxias, iceboxes, immixing, indexers, indexing, indoxyls, inexpert, infixing, infixion, inflexed, influxes, intermix, interrex, intersex, jambeaux, larynxes, laxation, laxative, laxities, lexicons, lixivial, lixivium, lummoxes, luxating, luxation, luxuries, manteaux, mastixes, matchbox, matrixes, maxicoat, maxillae, maxillas, maximals, maximins, maximise, maximite, maximize, maximums, maxwells, methoxyl, microlux, millilux, mixology, mixtures, monaxial, monaxons, monoxide, morceaux, myxedema, myxocyte, myxomata, naloxone, neuraxon, nextdoor, nontaxes, nontoxic, octuplex, orthodox, ototoxic, outboxed, outboxes, outfoxed, outfoxes, oxalated, oxalates, oxalises, oxazepam, oxazines, oxbloods, oxhearts, oxidable, oxidants, oxidases, oxidasic, oxidated, oxidates, oxidised, oxidiser, oxidises, oxidized, oxidizer, oxidizes, oxpecker, oxtongue, oxyacids, oxygenic, oxymoron, oxyphile, oxyphils, oxysalts, oxysomes, oxytocic, oxytocin, oxytones, panmixes, panmixia, panmixis, parallax, paroxysm, paxwaxes, pegboxes, peroxide, peroxids, phenixes, phylaxis, pickaxed, pickaxes, pixieish, pixiness, plateaux, plexuses, poleaxed, poleaxes, pontifex, poxvirus, praxises, preaxial, precieux, preexist, prefixal, prefixed, prefixes, premixed, premixes, pretexts, prolixly, protoxid, proxemic, proximal, pyrexial, pyrexias, pyroxene, pyxidium, quadplex, quincunx, quixotes, quixotic, quixotry, reexpels, reexport, refixing, reflexed, reflexes, reflexly, refluxed, refluxes, relaxant, relaxers, relaxing, relaxins, remixing, retaxing, rewaxing, rondeaux, rouleaux, sardonyx, saucebox, saxatile, saxhorns, saxonies, saxtubas, sexiness, sexology, sextains, sextants, sextarii, sextette, sextiles, sextuple, sextuply, sexually, siloxane, silvexes, sixpence, sixpenny, sixteens, sixtieth, smallpox, smilaxes, snuffbox, soundbox, spadixes, sphinxes, spinifex, storaxes, styraxes, subaxial, subfixes, subindex, suboxide, subtaxon, subtexts, suffixal, suffixed, suffixes, superfix, supersex, supertax, surtaxed, surtaxes, sweatbox, swinepox, syntaxes, syrinxes, tableaux, taxables, taxation, taxicabs, taxingly, taxiways, taxonomy, taxpayer, teaboxes, teletext, telexing, tetroxid, textbook, textiles, textless, textuary, textural, textured, textures, thoraxes, thyroxin, toadflax, tonneaux, toxaemia, toxaemic, toxemias, toxicant, toxicity, transfix, triaxial, trioxide, trioxids, trumeaux, tuxedoed, tuxedoes, ulexites, unboxing, undertax, unexotic, unexpert, unfixing, unflexed, uniaxial, unisexes, unsexing, unsexual, uxorious, vernixes, vertexes, vexation, vexillar, vexillum, vexingly, videotex, vixenish, volvoxes, vortexes, waxberry, waxbills, waxiness, waxplant, waxweeds, waxwings, waxworks, waxworms, xanthans, xanthate, xanthein, xanthene, xanthine, xanthins, xanthoma, xanthone, xanthous, xenogamy, xenogeny, xenolith, xerosere, xiphoids, xylidine, xylidins, xylitols, xylocarp, xylotomy9-letter wordsaboideaux, aboiteaux, acetoxyls, admixture, affixable, affixment, aflatoxin, alexander, alkoxides, amphioxus, anatoxins, anorexias, anorexics, anorexies, anoxemias, antefixae, antefixes, antiauxin, antitoxic, antitoxin, anxieties, anxiously, apteryxes, asexually, asphyxias, asphyxies, ataraxias, ataraxics, ataraxies, auxiliary, auxotroph, axiomatic, axletrees, axoplasms, bandboxes, banjaxing, beeswaxes, biaxially, biotoxins, bisexuals, bollixing, bolloxing, boomboxes, boxboards, boxfishes, boxhauled, boxthorns, broadaxes, buxomness, cachexias, cachexies, cacomixls, carapaxes, carboxyls, cashboxes, catalexes, catalexis, cataplexy, chronaxie, climaxing, coalboxes, coannexed, coannexes, coaxially, coexerted, coexisted, coextends, commixing, complexed, complexer, complexes, complexly, confluxes, connexion, convexity, coxalgias, coxalgies, coxcombry, coxitides, coxswains, cytotoxic, cytotoxin, deoxidize, dexterity, dexterous, dextrines, dextroses, digitoxin, diplexers, directrix, disclimax, duplexers, duplexing, dyslexias, dyslexics, dystaxias, effluxion, ektexines, endexines, endomixis, endotoxic, endotoxin, epistaxes, epistaxis, epitaxial, epitaxies, epoxidize, equinoxes, euxenites, exactable, exactions, exactness, exaltedly, examinant, examinees, examiners, examining, exampling, exanimate, exanthema, exanthems, exarchate, exarchies, excavated, excavates, excavator, exceeders, exceeding, excellent, excelling, excelsior, excepting, exception, exceptive, excerpted, excerpter, excerptor, excessing, excessive, exchanged, exchanger, exchanges, exchequer, excipient, excisable, exciseman, excisemen, excisions, excitable, excitants, excitedly, excitonic, exclaimed, exclaimer, excluders, excluding, exclusion, exclusive, excoriate, excrement, excreters, excreting, excretion, excretory, exculpate, excurrent, excursion, excursive, excusable, excusably, execrable, execrably, execrated, execrates, execrator, executant, executers, executing, execution, executive, executors, executory, executrix, exegetist, exemplars, exemplary, exemplify, exempting, exemption, exercised, exerciser, exercises, exergonic, exertions, exfoliate, exhalants, exhalents, exhausted, exhauster, exhibited, exhibitor, exhorters, exhorting, exigences, exigently, existence, existents, exocrines, exocyclic, exodermis, exodontia, exoenzyme, exogamies, exogamous, exogenous, exonerate, exorcised, exorciser, exorcises, exorcisms, exorcists, exorcized, exorcizes, exordiums, exosmoses, exosphere, exospores, exostoses, exostosis, exoticism, exotoxins, expanders, expanding, expandors, expansion, expansive, expatiate, expectant, expecting, expedient, expedited, expediter, expedites, expeditor, expellees, expellers, expelling, expenders, expending, expensing, expensive, experting, expertise, expertism, expertize, expiating, expiation, expiators, expiatory, explained, explainer, explanted, expletive, expletory, explicate, explicits, exploders, exploding, exploited, exploiter, explorers, exploring, explosion, explosive, exponents, exporters, exporting, exposited, expositor, exposures, expounded, expounder, expressed, expresser, expresses, expressly, expressos, expulsing, expulsion, expulsive, expungers, expunging, expurgate, exquisite, exscinded, exsecants, exsecting, exsertile, exserting, exsertion, exsiccate, extempore, extenders, extending, extensile, extension, extensity, extensive, extensors, extenuate, exteriors, extermine, externals, extincted, extirpate, extollers, extolling, extolment, extorters, extorting, extortion, extortive, extracted, extractor, extradite, extrality, extravert, extremely, extremest, extremism, extremist, extremity, extricate, extrinsic, extrovert, extruders, extruding, extrusion, extrusive, extubated, extubates, exuberant, exuberate, exudation, exudative, exultance, exultancy, exuviated, exuviates, feedboxes, fireboxes, fixations, fixatives, fixedness, flambeaux, flaxseeds, flexagons, flexitime, flextimes, flummoxed, flummoxes, fluxgates, fluxional, fowlpoxes, foxfishes, foxgloves, foxhounds, foxhunted, foxhunter, gearboxes, gloxinias, hellboxes, heterodox, hexachord, hexagonal, hexagrams, hexahedra, hexameter, hexamines, hexaploid, homosexes, hydroxide, hydroxyls, hypertext, hypotaxes, hypotaxis, hypoxemia, hypoxemic, immixture, indexical, indexings, inexactly, inexperts, infixions, inflexion, jukeboxes, juxtapose, kickboxer, laxations, laxatives, laxnesses, lexically, lixiviate, lixiviums, lockboxes, loxodrome, luxations, luxuriant, luxuriate, luxurious, mailboxes, maxicoats, maxillary, maximally, maximised, maximises, maximites, maximized, maximizer, maximizes, mediatrix, metaxylem, minimaxes, minoxidil, monoxides, multiplex, mycotoxin, myxedemas, myxocytes, myxoviral, myxovirus, naloxones, narthexes, neocortex, neuraxons, nonexempt, nonexotic, nonexpert, nonextant, nonsexist, nonsexual, noxiously, obnoxious, orthodoxy, outboxing, outfoxing, outjinxed, outjinxes, overexert, overmixed, overmixes, oversexed, overtaxed, overtaxes, oxacillin, oxalating, oxazepams, oxidating, oxidation, oxidative, oxidisers, oxidising, oxidizers, oxidizing, oxpeckers, oxtongues, oxygenate, oxyphiles, oxyphilic, oxytocics, oxytocins, packwaxes, panchaxes, panmixias, pansexual, paradoxes, parataxes, parataxis, paroxysms, pemphixes, pentoxide, pepperbox, peroxided, peroxides, peroxidic, perplexed, perplexes, phalanxes, pharynxes, phenoxide, phoenixes, pickaxing, pillboxes, pixilated, plaintext, plexiform, poleaxing, polymyxin, postaxial, postboxes, postfixed, postfixes, preexilic, preexists, prefixing, premixing, pretexted, priedieux, princoxes, prolixity, prothorax, protoxids, proxemics, proximate, proximity, pyridoxal, pyroxenes, pyroxenic, pyroxylin, quixotism, reaffixed, reaffixes, reannexed, reannexes, reexamine, reexplore, reexports, reexposed, reexposes, reexpress, reflexing, reflexion, reflexive, refluxing, reindexed, reindexes, relaxants, relaxedly, reoxidize, retexture, retroflex, saltboxes, sandboxes, saxifrage, saxitoxin, saxophone, sexlessly, sextarius, sextettes, sextupled, sextuples, sextuplet, sexuality, sexualize, shadowbox, siloxanes, simplexes, sixpences, sixteenmo, sixteenth, sixtieths, soapboxes, sonovoxes, spandexes, strongbox, subclimax, suboxides, subtaxons, suffixing, sulfoxide, surtaxing, tamoxifen, taxations, taxidermy, taximeter, taxonomic, taxpayers, taxpaying, teletexts, telotaxes, telotaxis, testatrix, tetroxide, tetroxids, textbooks, textually, texturing, texturize, thyroxine, thyroxins, tinderbox, toolboxes, tortrixes, toxaemias, toxaphene, toxicants, toxicoses, toxicosis, toxigenic, toxophily, transaxle, transfixt, trioxides, triplexes, tubifexes, unexcited, unexcused, unexpired, unexposed, unindexed, unisexual, unmixable, unrelaxed, uxoricide, vexations, vexatious, videotext, waxplants, woadwaxes, woodboxes, woodwaxes, workboxes, xanthates, xantheins, xanthenes, xanthines, xanthomas, xanthones, xenograft, xenoliths, xenophile, xenophobe, xerophile, xerophily, xerophyte, xeroseres, xylidines, xylocarps, xylograph, xylophone10-letter wordsadmixtures, affixation, affixments, aflatoxins, alexanders, ambisexual, amphimixes, amphimixis, amplexuses, annexation, anthelixes, antiauxins, anticlimax, antisexist, antisexual, antitoxins, anxiolytic, apoplexies, appendixes, asexuality, asphyxiate, autosexing, auxotrophs, auxotrophy, aviatrixes, axenically, axialities, axillaries, axiologies, axiomatize, axoplasmic, bisexually, bordereaux, boxberries, boxhauling, boxinesses, breadboxes, carboxylic, cephalexin, chatterbox, chemotaxes, chemotaxis, chionodoxa, chronaxies, cicatrixes, ciphertext, circumflex, climaxless, coadjutrix, coannexing, coexecutor, coexerting, coexistent, coexisting, coextended, commixture, complexest, complexify, complexing, complexion, complexity, connexions, contextual, contexture, coxswained, crucifixes, curtalaxes, cytotoxins, deoxidized, deoxidizer, deoxidizes, detoxicant, detoxicate, detoxified, detoxifies, dextranase, digitoxins, dominatrix, doxologies, econoboxes, effluxions, endotoxins, epexegeses, epexegesis, epexegetic, epicalyxes, epoxidized, epoxidizes, exacerbate, exactingly, exactitude, exaggerate, exaltation, examinable, examinants, exanthemas, exarchates, exasperate, excavating, excavation, excavators, excellence, excellency, excelsiors, exceptions, excerpters, excerpting, excerption, excerptors, exchangers, exchanging, exchequers, excipients, excisional, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excitement, excitingly, exclaimers, exclaiming, excludable, excludible, exclusions, exclusives, excogitate, excoriated, excoriates, excrements, excrescent, excretions, excruciate, exculpated, exculpates, excursions, excursuses, excusatory, execrating, execration, execrative, execrators, executable, executants, executions, executives, exegetical, exegetists, exemptions, exenterate, exercisers, exercising, exfoliated, exfoliates, exhalation, exhausters, exhausting, exhaustion, exhaustive, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitive, exhibitors, exhibitory, exhilarate, exhumation, exigencies, exiguities, exiguously, existences, exobiology, exocytoses, exocytosis, exocytotic, exodontias, exodontist, exoenzymes, exonerated, exonerates, exorbitant, exorcisers, exorcising, exorcistic, exorcizing, exospheres, exospheric, exothermal, exothermic, exotically, exoticisms, exoticness, expandable, expansible, expansions, expatiated, expatiates, expatriate, expectable, expectably, expectance, expectancy, expectants, expectedly, expedience, expediency, expedients, expediters, expediting, expedition, expeditors, expellable, expendable, experience, experiment, expertises, expertisms, expertized, expertizes, expertness, expiations, expiration, expiratory, explainers, explaining, explanting, expletives, explicable, explicably, explicated, explicates, explicator, explicitly, exploiters, exploiting, exploitive, explosions, explosives, exportable, expositing, exposition, expositive, expositors, expository, expounders, expounding, expressage, expressers, expressing, expression, expressive, expressman, expressmen, expressway, expulsions, expunction, expurgated, expurgates, expurgator, exquisites, exscinding, exsertions, exsiccated, exsiccates, exsolution, extemporal, extendable, extendedly, extendible, extensible, extensions, extenuated, extenuates, extenuator, exteriorly, extermined, extermines, externally, externship, extincting, extinction, extinctive, extinguish, extirpated, extirpates, extirpator, extolments, extortions, extracting, extraction, extractive, extractors, extradited, extradites, extradoses, extralegal, extramural, extraneous, extraverts, extremisms, extremists, extricable, extricated, extricates, extroverts, extrudable, extrusions, extubating, exuberance, exuberated, exuberates, exudations, exultances, exultantly, exultation, exultingly, exurbanite, exuviating, exuviation, ferredoxin, flexitimes, flummoxing, fourplexes, foxhunters, foxhunting, foxinesses, foxtrotted, fraxinella, generatrix, googolplex, heretrixes, heritrixes, heterodoxy, hexachords, hexahedron, hexameters, hexaploids, hexaploidy, hexapodies, hexarchies, hexokinase, homeoboxes, homosexual, horsepoxes, hydroxides, hydroxylic, hypertexts, hypoxemias, immixtures, indexation, indexicals, inexistent, inexorable, inexorably, inexpertly, inexpiable, inexpiably, inexplicit, infixation, inflexible, inflexibly, inflexions, inheritrix, intermixed, intermixes, intersexes, intoxicant, intoxicate, juxtaposed, juxtaposes, kickboxers, kickboxing, lexicality, lexicalize, lexicology, lixiviated, lixiviates, loxodromes, luxuriance, luxuriated, luxuriates, matchboxes, maxilliped, maximalist, maximising, maximizers, maximizing, mesothorax, metagalaxy, metathorax, metaxylems, microluxes, milliluxes, minoxidils, mixologies, mixologist, multiaxial, mycotoxins, myxomatous, myxomycete, naltrexone, neurotoxic, neurotoxin, noncomplex, nonexperts, nonexposed, nonlexical, nontaxable, oropharynx, orthodoxes, orthodoxly, outjinxing, overexcite, overexerts, overexpand, overexpose, overextend, overmixing, overtaxing, oxacillins, oxidations, oxidizable, oxygenated, oxygenates, oxygenator, oxygenless, oxymoronic, oxyuriases, oxyuriasis, parallaxes, parasexual, paroxysmal, pentoxides, peroxidase, peroxiding, peroxisome, perplexing, perplexity, phenoxides, phototaxes, phototaxis, phototoxic, phylaxises, phyllotaxy, phylloxera, phytotoxic, picrotoxin, pixilation, pixillated, pixinesses, plaintexts, polymyxins, postexilic, postfixing, poxviruses, praxeology, preexisted, premaxilla, pretexting, protoxylem, proximally, pyridoxals, pyridoxine, pyroxenite, pyroxenoid, pyroxylins, quadplexes, quincunxes, quixotical, quixotisms, quixotries, reaffixing, reannexing, reexamined, reexamines, reexpelled, reexplored, reexplores, reexported, reexposing, reexposure, reflexions, reflexives, reindexing, relaxation, reoxidized, reoxidizes, retextured, retextures, sardonyxes, sauceboxes, saxicolous, saxifrages, saxitoxins, saxophones, saxophonic, sexinesses, sexologies, sexologist, sextillion, sextuplets, sextupling, sexualized, sexualizes, sixteenmos, sixteenths, smallpoxes, snuffboxes, soundboxes, sphinxlike, spinifexes, subindexes, submaximal, subtextual, sulfoxides, superfixes, superhelix, superoxide, supersexes, supertaxes, sweatboxes, swinepoxes, tamoxifens, taxidermic, taximeters, taxonomies, taxonomist, tetroxides, textuaries, texturally, texturized, texturizes, thixotropy, thyroxines, toadflaxes, toxaphenes, toxicities, toxicology, toxoplasma, transaxles, transfixed, transfixes, trihydroxy, tropotaxes, tropotaxis, trousseaux, undersexed, undertaxed, undertaxes, unexamined, unexampled, unexcelled, unexciting, unexpected, unexpended, unexploded, unexplored, unorthodox, uxoricides, uxoriously, videotexes, videotexts, waxberries, waxinesses, xanthomata, xenobiotic, xenogamies, xenogeneic, xenogenies, xenografts, xenolithic, xenophiles, xenophobes, xenophobia, xenophobic, xenotropic, xerography, xerophytes, xerophytic, xylographs, xylography, xylophones, xylotomies11-letter wordsaffixations, alexandrine, alexandrite, ambisexuals, amoxicillin, amoxycillin, amphioxuses, anaphylaxes, anaphylaxis, annexations, antianxiety, antioxidant, antisexists, anxiolytics, anxiousness, approximate, asphyxiated, asphyxiates, auxiliaries, auxotrophic, axiological, axiomatized, axiomatizes, axisymmetry, axonometric, biconvexity, bisexuality, buxomnesses, carboxylase, carboxylate, cataplexies, cephalexins, chionodoxas, ciphertexts, cloxacillin, coexecutors, coexistence, coextending, coextensive, commixtures, complexions, complexness, contextless, contextures, convexities, coxcombical, coxcombries, coxswaining, crucifixion, cyclohexane, deoxidation, deoxidizers, deoxidizing, deoxygenate, deoxyribose, desexualize, detoxicants, detoxicated, detoxicates, detoxifying, dexterities, dexterously, dextranases, directrixes, disclimaxes, doxorubicin, doxycycline, endomixises, enterotoxin, epitaxially, epoxidation, epoxidizing, exacerbated, exacerbates, exactitudes, exactnesses, exaggerated, exaggerates, exaggerator, exaltations, examination, exanthemata, exasperated, exasperates, excavations, exceedingly, excellences, excellently, exceptional, excerptions, excessively, excitations, excitements, exclamation, exclamatory, exclusively, exclusivism, exclusivist, exclusivity, excogitated, excogitates, excoriating, excoriation, excremental, excrescence, excrescency, excruciated, excruciates, exculpating, exculpation, exculpatory, excursively, execrations, executioner, executorial, executrices, executrixes, exemplarily, exemplarity, exemplified, exemplifies, exenterated, exenterates, exercisable, exfoliating, exfoliation, exfoliative, exhalations, exhaustible, exhaustions, exhaustless, exhibitions, exhilarated, exhilarates, exhortation, exhortative, exhortatory, exhumations, existential, exodermises, exodontists, exogenously, exonerating, exoneration, exonerative, exonuclease, exorbitance, exoskeletal, exoskeleton, expansional, expansively, expansivity, expatiating, expatiation, expatriated, expatriates, expectances, expectantly, expectation, expectative, expectorant, expectorate, expediences, expediently, expeditions, expeditious, expendables, expenditure, expensively, experienced, experiences, experiments, expertizing, expirations, explainable, explanation, explanative, explanatory, explicating, explication, explicative, explicators, explicatory, exploitable, exploration, explorative, exploratory, explosively, exponential, exportation, expositions, expostulate, expressages, expressible, expressions, expressways, expropriate, expunctions, expurgating, expurgation, expurgators, expurgatory, exquisitely, exsiccating, exsiccation, exsolutions, extemporary, extemporise, extemporize, extensional, extensities, extensively, extenuating, extenuation, extenuators, extenuatory, exteriorise, exteriority, exteriorize, exterminate, extermining, externalise, externalism, externality, externalize, externships, extinctions, extirpating, extirpation, extirpators, extortioner, extractable, extractions, extractives, extraditing, extradition, extralities, extrapolate, extravagant, extravagate, extravasate, extraverted, extremeness, extremities, extricating, extrication, extroverted, exuberances, exuberantly, exuberating, exultancies, exultations, exurbanites, exuviations, ferredoxins, fixednesses, flexibility, flexography, foxhuntings, foxtrotting, fraxinellas, fucoxanthin, hematoxylin, hepatotoxic, heteroauxin, hexadecimal, hexagonally, hexahedrons, hexahydrate, hexokinases, homosexuals, hydrothorax, hydroxylase, hydroxylate, hydroxyurea, hydroxyzine, hyperextend, hypersexual, hypopharynx, indexations, inexactness, inexcusable, inexcusably, inexistence, inexpedient, inexpensive, infixations, intermixing, intersexual, intoxicants, intoxicated, intoxicates, irreflexive, juxtaposing, kickboxings, letterboxed, lexicalized, lexicalizes, lixiviating, lixiviation, luxuriances, luxuriantly, luxuriating, luxuriously, maxillaries, maxillipeds, maximalists, mediatrixes, mixologists, monohydroxy, multiplexed, multiplexer, multiplexes, multiplexor, myxomatoses, myxomatosis, myxomycetes, myxoviruses, naltrexones, nasopharynx, neocortexes, neoorthodox, nephrotoxic, neurotoxins, nonexistent, nonorthodox, nontaxables, noxiousness, obnoxiously, orthodoxies, ototoxicity, overanxiety, overanxious, overcomplex, overexcited, overexcites, overexerted, overexpands, overexplain, overexploit, overexposed, overexposes, overextends, oxalacetate, oxidatively, oxygenating, oxygenation, oxygenators, oxyhydrogen, paradoxical, pepperboxes, peroxidases, peroxisomal, peroxisomes, perplexedly, phoenixlike, phyllotaxes, phyllotaxis, phylloxeras, phytoalexin, picrotoxins, pixilations, polyhydroxy, preexistent, preexisting, premaxillae, premaxillas, prolixities, prophylaxes, prophylaxis, prothoraxes, protogalaxy, protoxylems, proximately, proximities, pyridoxines, pyroxenites, pyroxenitic, pyroxenoids, quincunxial, reexamining, reexpelling, reexploring, reexporting, reexposures, reexpressed, reexpresses, reflexively, reflexivity, reflexology, relaxations, relaxedness, reoxidation, reoxidizing, retexturing, saxophonist, sexagesimal, sexlessness, sexologists, sextillions, sextodecimo, sexualities, sexualizing, shadowboxed, shadowboxes, sociosexual, stereotaxic, strongboxes, subclimaxes, subluxation, suffixation, superdeluxe, superluxury, superoxides, taxidermies, taxidermist, taxonomists, textbookish, textureless, texturizing, thermotaxes, thermotaxis, thigmotaxes, thigmotaxis, thixotropic, thromboxane, tinderboxes, toxicologic, toxophilies, toxophilite, toxoplasmas, toxoplasmic, transfixing, transfixion, transsexual, triaxiality, underexpose, undertaxing, unexcitable, unexercised, unexplained, unexploited, unexpressed, unnilhexium, unorthodoxy, vexatiously, vexillology, xanthophyll, xenobiotics, xenophobias, xerographic, xerophilies, xerophilous, xerophytism, xerothermic, xiphisterna, xylographer, xylographic, xylophagous, xylophonist12-letter wordsalexandrines, alexandrites, ambidextrous, amoxicillins, amoxycillins, annexational, anorexigenic, anticlimaxes, antioxidants, approximated, approximates, asexualities, asphyxiating, asphyxiation, autoxidation, auxotrophies, axiomatizing, axisymmetric, carboxylases, carboxylated, carboxylates, chatterboxes, circumflexes, cloxacillins, coexistences, complexation, complexified, complexifies, complexional, complexioned, complexities, contextually, crucifixions, cyclodextrin, cyclohexanes, cytotaxonomy, cytotoxicity, deoxidations, deoxygenated, deoxygenates, deoxyriboses, desexualized, desexualizes, detoxicating, detoxication, dextrorotary, dicarboxylic, doxorubicins, doxycyclines, endoperoxide, enterotoxins, epexegetical, epoxidations, exacerbating, exacerbation, exactingness, exaggerating, exaggeration, exaggerative, exaggerators, exaggeratory, examinations, exanthematic, exasperating, exasperation, excavational, excellencies, exchangeable, excitability, exclamations, exclusionary, exclusionist, exclusivisms, exclusivists, excogitating, excogitation, excogitative, excoriations, excrescences, excrescently, excruciating, excruciation, exculpations, excursionist, executioners, exemplifying, exenterating, exenteration, exercitation, exfoliations, exhaustively, exhaustivity, exhibitioner, exhilarating, exhilaration, exhilarative, exhortations, exiguousness, exobiologies, exobiologist, exonerations, exonucleases, exopeptidase, exophthalmic, exophthalmos, exophthalmus, exorbitances, exorbitantly, exorcistical, exoskeletons, exoterically, exothermally, exoticnesses, expansionary, expansionism, expansionist, expatiations, expatriating, expatriation, expatriatism, expectancies, expectations, expectedness, expectorants, expectorated, expectorates, expediencies, expediential, expenditures, experiencing, experiential, experimental, experimented, experimenter, expertnesses, explanations, explantation, explications, explicitness, exploitation, exploitative, explorations, exportations, expositional, expostulated, expostulates, expressional, expressively, expressivity, expropriated, expropriates, expropriator, expurgations, exsanguinate, exsiccations, extemporally, extemporised, extemporises, extemporized, extemporizer, extemporizes, extendedness, extensometer, extenuations, exteriorised, exteriorises, exteriorized, exteriorizes, exterminated, exterminates, exterminator, externalised, externalises, externalisms, externalized, externalizes, exteroceptor, extinguished, extinguisher, extinguishes, extirpations, extortionary, extortionate, extortioners, extortionist, extracranial, extractively, extraditable, extraditions, extrahepatic, extralegally, extralimital, extralogical, extramarital, extramundane, extramurally, extramusical, extraneously, extranuclear, extrapolated, extrapolates, extrapolator, extrasensory, extrasystole, extratextual, extrauterine, extravagance, extravagancy, extravaganza, extravagated, extravagates, extravasated, extravasates, extraversion, extrications, extroversion, flexographic, fluidextract, fucoxanthins, googolplexes, hematoxylins, heteroauxins, heterodoxies, heteroduplex, heterosexual, hexadecimals, hexahydrates, hexaploidies, hexobarbital, homosexually, hydroxylases, hydroxylated, hydroxylates, hydroxyureas, hydroxyzines, hypercomplex, hyperexcited, hyperextends, hyperpyrexia, hypoxanthine, inexactitude, inexistences, inexpedience, inexpediency, inexperience, inexpertness, inexplicable, inexplicably, inexpressive, inexpugnable, inexpugnably, inexpungible, inextricable, inextricably, inheritrixes, intermixture, intoxicating, intoxication, letterboxing, lexicalities, lexicalizing, lexicography, lexicologies, lexicologist, lixiviations, maximization, mesothoraxes, metagalaxies, metathoraxes, methotrexate, methoxychlor, morphallaxes, morphallaxis, multiplexers, multiplexing, multiplexors, myxedematous, neoorthodoxy, nonexclusive, nonexecutive, nonexistence, nonexplosive, nonoxidizing, oropharynxes, overexciting, overexercise, overexerting, overexertion, overexpanded, overexplains, overexplicit, overexploits, overexposing, overexposure, overextended, overtaxation, oxalacetates, oxaloacetate, oxyacetylene, oxygenations, pansexuality, perplexities, photoexcited, photooxidize, phyllotaxies, phytoalexins, pneumothorax, portmanteaux, postexercise, postexposure, praxeologies, preexistence, premaxillary, propoxyphene, psychosexual, pyridoxamine, quixotically, reannexation, reexperience, reexpressing, reoxidations, retroflexion, saxophonists, semiflexible, sexagenarian, sexagesimals, sexdecillion, sextodecimos, sextuplicate, shadowboxing, subluxations, submaxillary, suffixations, superexpress, superhelixes, taxidermists, tetrodotoxin, thixotropies, thromboxanes, toxicologies, toxicologist, toxigenicity, toxophilites, transfixions, transsexuals, trophallaxes, trophallaxis, underexposed, underexposes, unexpectedly, unexpressive, unexpurgated, unisexuality, unnilhexiums, unorthodoxly, unoxygenated, uxoriousness, vexillologic, xanthophylls, xerographies, xerophytisms, xiphisternum, xylographers, xylographies, xylophonists, zooxanthella13-letter wordsambidexterity, ambisexuality, annexationist, antisexuality, anxiousnesses, approximately, approximating, approximation, approximative, archaeopteryx, asphyxiations, autoxidations, axiologically, axiomatically, axisymmetries, biconvexities, bisexualities, canthaxanthin, carboxylating, carboxylation, cephalothorax, chemotaxonomy, cocarboxylase, coextensively, complexations, complexifying, complexnesses, contextualize, cyclodextrins, cyclohexanone, cycloheximide, cytotaxonomic, decarboxylase, decarboxylate, demultiplexer, deoxygenating, deoxygenation, desexualizing, detoxications, dexamethasone, dexterousness, digitoxigenin, disintoxicate, endoperoxides, exacerbations, exaggeratedly, exaggerations, examinational, exanthematous, exasperatedly, exasperations, exceptionable, exceptionably, exceptionally, excessiveness, excitableness, excludability, exclusionists, exclusiveness, exclusivities, excogitations, excommunicate, excrescencies, excruciations, excursionists, excursiveness, excusableness, execrableness, exemplariness, exemplarities, exenterations, exercitations, exhaustlessly, exhibitioners, exhibitionism, exhibitionist, exhilarations, existentially, exobiological, exobiologists, exopeptidases, exothermicity, expandability, expansibility, expansionisms, expansionists, expansiveness, expansivities, expatriations, expatriatisms, expectational, expectorating, expectoration, expeditionary, expeditiously, expendability, expensiveness, experimenters, experimenting, explanatively, explanatorily, explantations, explicatively, exploitations, explorational, exploratively, explosiveness, exponentially, exportability, expostulating, expostulation, expostulatory, expressionism, expressionist, expropriating, expropriation, expropriators, expurgatorial, exquisiteness, exsanguinated, exsanguinates, extemporarily, extemporising, extemporizers, extemporizing, extendability, extensibility, extensionally, extensiveness, extensometers, exteriorising, exteriorities, exteriorizing, exterminating, extermination, exterminators, exterminatory, externalising, externalities, externalizing, exteroceptive, exteroceptors, exterritorial, extinguishers, extinguishing, extortionists, extracellular, extragalactic, extrajudicial, extraliterary, extraordinary, extrapolating, extrapolation, extrapolative, extrapolators, extrasystoles, extravagances, extravagantly, extravaganzas, extravagating, extravasating, extravasation, extravascular, extraversions, extremenesses, extrinsically, extroversions, extrudability, flexibilities, flexographies, fluidextracts, heterosexuals, hexamethonium, hexobarbitals, homosexuality, hydroperoxide, hydrothoraxes, hydroxylamine, hydroxylating, hydroxylation, hyperextended, hyperpyrexias, hypopharynxes, hypoxanthines, inexactitudes, inexactnesses, inexhaustible, inexhaustibly, inexorability, inexpediences, inexpediently, inexpensively, inexperienced, inexperiences, inexplainable, inexpressible, inexpressibly, inflexibility, intermixtures, interproximal, intersexually, intoxicatedly, intoxications, isoalloxazine, isocarboxazid, juxtaposition, letterboxings, lexicographer, lexicographic, lexicologists, luxuriousness, maxillofacial, maximizations, methotrexates, methoxychlors, myxomatosises, nasopharynxes, neurotoxicity, nonexecutives, nonexistences, nonexpendable, nonexploitive, nonexplosives, nonhomosexual, nonintoxicant, noxiousnesses, obnoxiousness, ototoxicities, overanxieties, overexercised, overexercises, overexertions, overexpanding, overexpansion, overexplained, overexploited, overexposures, overextending, overextension, overexuberant, overtaxations, oxaloacetates, oxyhemoglobin, paradoxically, paramyxovirus, parasexuality, photooxidized, photooxidizes, phototoxicity, phytotoxicity, praxeological, preexistences, preexperiment, propoxyphenes, protogalaxies, proximateness, pyridoxamines, reannexations, reexamination, reexperienced, reexperiences, reexportation, reflexiveness, reflexivities, reflexologies, relaxednesses, retroflexions, sexagenarians, sexdecillions, sexlessnesses, sexploitation, sextuplicated, sextuplicates, superluxuries, taxonomically, tetrodotoxins, toxicological, toxicologists, toxoplasmoses, toxoplasmosis, triaxialities, tricarboxylic, ultraorthodox, underexposing, underexposure, unexceptional, unexplainable, unorthodoxies, vexatiousness, vexillologies, vexillologist, xenodiagnoses, xenodiagnosis, xerophthalmia, xerophthalmic, xylographical, zooxanthellae14-letter wordsadministratrix, ambidextrously, annexationists, antihomosexual, approximations, axiomatisation, axiomatization, axisymmetrical, blaxploitation, canthaxanthins, carboxylations, chemotaxonomic, cocarboxylases, contextualized, contextualizes, counterexample, cyclohexanones, cycloheximides, cytotaxonomies, cytotoxicities, decarboxylases, decarboxylated, decarboxylates, demultiplexers, deoxygenations, detoxification, dexamethasones, dextrorotatory, digitoxigenins, disintoxicated, disintoxicates, epexegetically, exactingnesses, exasperatingly, exceptionalism, exceptionality, excitabilities, excommunicated, excommunicates, excommunicator, excruciatingly, exhaustibility, exhaustiveness, exhaustivities, exhibitionisms, exhibitionists, exhilaratingly, exiguousnesses, existentialism, existentialist, exophthalmoses, exophthalmuses, exothermically, expansionistic, expectednesses, expectorations, experientially, experimentally, explicitnesses, exploitatively, exponentiation, expostulations, expressionisms, expressionists, expressionless, expressiveness, expressivities, expropriations, exsanguinating, exsanguination, extemporaneity, extemporaneous, extendednesses, extensionality, exterminations, extinguishable, extinguishment, extortionately, extracorporeal, extractability, extraembryonic, extraneousness, extraordinaire, extrapolations, extrapyramidal, extravagancies, extravasations, extravehicular, hepatotoxicity, heteroduplexes, heterosexually, hexamethoniums, hexosaminidase, hydroperoxides, hydroxyapatite, hydroxylamines, hydroxylations, hydroxyproline, hypercatalexes, hypercatalexis, hyperexcitable, hyperexcretion, hyperextending, hyperextension, hypersexuality, inexorableness, inexpediencies, inexpertnesses, inexpressively, inflexibleness, intersexuality, isoalloxazines, isocarboxazids, juxtapositions, lexicalisation, lexicalization, lexicographers, lexicographies, methoxyflurane, methylxanthine, monocarboxylic, neoorthodoxies, nephrotoxicity, nonexistential, nonexplanatory, nonhomosexuals, overexaggerate, overexercising, overexpansions, overexplaining, overexploiting, overextensions, overextraction, oxidoreductase, oxyhemoglobins, oxymoronically, pansexualities, paradoxicality, photooxidation, photooxidative, photooxidizing, pneumothoraxes, postexperience, preexperiments, premaxillaries, psychosexually, reexaminations, reexperiencing, reexportations, sexploitations, sextuplicating, submaxillaries, superexpensive, superexpresses, superluxurious, supersexuality, thyrotoxicoses, thyrotoxicosis, toxigenicities, transsexualism, transsexuality, ultraexclusive, underexposures, unexpectedness, unisexualities, uxoriousnesses, vexillological, vexillologists, xenodiagnostic, xenophobically, xerophthalmias15-letter wordsambidexterities, ambisexualities, antisexualities, archaeopteryxes, axiomatisations, axiomatizations, blaxploitations, cephalothoraxes, chemotaxonomies, chemotaxonomist, contextualizing, counterexamples, cyclohexylamine, decarboxylating, decarboxylation, desexualization, detoxifications, dexterousnesses, disintoxicating, disintoxication, exaggeratedness, exceptionalisms, exceptionalness, excessivenesses, exchangeability, excitablenesses, excludabilities, exclusivenesses, excommunicating, excommunication, excommunicative, excommunicators, excrementitious, excursivenesses, excusablenesses, execrablenesses, exemplarinesses, exemplification, exhaustlessness, exhibitionistic, existentialisms, existentialists, exoerythrocytic, exothermicities, expandabilities, expansibilities, expansivenesses, expeditiousness, expendabilities, expensivenesses, experimentalism, experimentalist, experimentation, explosivenesses, exponentiations, exportabilities, expressionistic, exquisitenesses, exsanguinations, extemporisation, extemporization, extendabilities, extensibilities, extensivenesses, exteriorization, externalisation, externalization, extinguishments, extracellularly, extracurricular, extrajudicially, extralinguistic, extraordinarily, extrudabilities, heterosexuality, hexachlorethane, hexachlorophene, hexosaminidases, hexylresorcinol, homosexualities, hydroxyapatites, hydroxylapatite, hydroxyprolines, hyperexcitement, hyperexcretions, hyperextensions, inexcusableness, inexorabilities, inexpensiveness, inexplicability, inextricability, inflexibilities, interparoxysmal, juxtapositional, lexicalisations, lexicalizations, lexicographical, luxuriousnesses, methoxyfluranes, methylxanthines, neurotoxicities, nonexperimental, nonexploitation, nonexploitative, nonintoxicating, obnoxiousnesses, overexaggerated, overexaggerates, overexpectation, overextractions, overextravagant, oxidoreductases, oxyphenbutazone, oxytetracycline, paradoxicalness, paramyxoviruses, parasexualities, photoexcitation, photooxidations, phototoxicities, phytotoxicities, proximatenesses, psychosexuality, recontextualize, reflexivenesses, stereotaxically, toxicologically, transsexualisms, unexceptionable, unexceptionably, unextraordinary, vexatiousnesses, xerographically, xeroradiography16-letter wordsautointoxication, carboxypeptidase, chemoprophylaxes, chemoprophylaxis, chemotaxonomists, chlordiazepoxide, cyclohexylamines, decarboxylations, desexualizations, dihydroxyacetone, disintoxications, exceptionability, exceptionalities, excommunications, exemplifications, exhaustibilities, exhaustivenesses, existentialistic, experimentalisms, experimentalists, experimentations, expressionlessly, expressivenesses, extemporaneities, extemporaneously, extemporisations, extemporizations, extensionalities, exteriorizations, externalisations, externalizations, exterritoriality, extrachromosomal, extracorporeally, extractabilities, extracurriculars, extraneousnesses, extraterrestrial, extraterritorial, flexographically, hepatotoxicities, hexachlorethanes, hexachloroethane, hexachlorophenes, hexylresorcinols, hydroxylapatites, hyperexcitements, hypersexualities, inexhaustibility, inexorablenesses, inexplicableness, inexpressibility, inexpressiveness, inexpugnableness, inextinguishable, inextinguishably, inflexiblenesses, intersexualities, nephrotoxicities, nonexploitations, overexaggerating, overexaggeration, overexpectations, overexploitation, oxyphenbutazones, oxytetracyclines, paradoxicalities, photoexcitations, postexperimental, recontextualized, recontextualizes, supersexualities, transsexualities, ultraparadoxical, unexpectednesses17-letter wordsautointoxications, carboxypeptidases, chlordiazepoxides, cytotaxonomically, deoxyribonuclease, dextroamphetamine, dihydroxyacetones, exaggeratednesses, exceptionalnesses, exchangeabilities, exhaustlessnesses, expeditiousnesses, extraordinariness, extraterrestrials, heterosexualities, hexachloroethanes, hydroxytryptamine, hyperexcitability, inexcusablenesses, inexhaustibleness, inexpensivenesses, inexplicabilities, inexpressibleness, inextricabilities, lexicographically, overexaggerations, overexploitations, overextrapolation, paradoxicalnesses, psychosexualities, recontextualizing, xeroradiographies18-letter wordsdeoxyribonucleases, dextroamphetamines, exceptionabilities, expressionlessness, extemporaneousness, exterritorialities, gedankenexperiment, hydroxytryptamines, inexhaustibilities, inexplicablenesses, inexpressibilities, inexpressivenesses, inexpugnablenesses, overextrapolations19-letter wordsdeoxyribonucleotide, exhibitionistically, expressionistically, extralinguistically, extraordinarinesses, extraterritoriality, gedankenexperiments, hyperexcitabilities, inexhaustiblenesses, inexpressiblenesses, unexceptionableness20-letter wordsdeoxyribonucleotides, existentialistically, expressionlessnesses, extemporaneousnesses21-letter wordsextraterritorialities, unexceptionablenesses22-letter wordscarboxymethylcellulose, hexamethylenetetramine23-letter wordscarboxymethylcelluloses, hexamethylenetetramines
