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Phycocyanin is a pigment from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family. It is in some algae and bacteria that absorb light in the 618 nm range.
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List five pigments that are responsible for plant colors?
Chlorophyll (a, b, c, d, e, f), carotenoids (carotenes, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin), and phycobilins (phycoerytherin, phycocyanin) are the major groups of pigments that are associated with photosynthesis. Plants mostly use chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenes, and xanthophyll as their photosynthetic pigments.
Which part of the plant turns sunlight into food?
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosysnthesis . Chloroplasts absorb light and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants and the animals that depend on them, directly or indirectly, for food. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis. The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek words chloros which means green and plast which means form or entity. Chloroplasts are members of a class of organelles known as plastids. Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll, which is the reason that most plants have a green color. Besides chlorophyll plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae, phycoerythrin in red algae (rhodophytes) and fucoxanthol in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors.
Is chlorophyll b necessary for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. It is located in the chloroplast and helps the plant with photosynthesis by helping the plant trap in sunlight. Without this, the plant would struggle to photosynthesize properly. Hope this helps :D
What are the steps involved in photosynthesis?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy. Its initial substrates are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source is sunlight (electromagnetic radiation); and the end-products are oxygen and (energy-containing) carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose or starch. This process is one of the most important biochemical pathways,[1] since nearly all life on Earth either directly or indirectly depends on it as a source of energy. It is a complex process occurring in plants, algae, as well as bacteria such as cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic organisms are also referred to as photoautotrophs.[1]Photosynthesis uses light energy and carbon dioxide to make triose phosphates (G3P). G3P is generally considered the first end-product of photosynthesis.[citation needed] It can be used as a source of metabolic energy, or combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide or disaccharide sugars, such as glucose or sucrose, respectively, which can be transported to other cells, stored as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch, or converted to structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose or glucans.A commonly used slightly simplified equation for photosynthesis is:6 CO2(g) + 12 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) + 6 H2O(l)carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + waterThe equation is often presented in introductory chemistry texts in an even more simplified form as:[2]6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g)Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions(also called the Light Reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture and chemically reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) (also called carbon fixation) to make the precursors of carbohydrates.In the light reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, allowing the start of a flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition, this creates a proton gradient across the chloroplast membrane; its dissipation is used by ATP Synthase for the concomitant synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains the lost electron from a water molecule through a process called photolysis, which releases a dioxygen (O2) molecule.In the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a process that requires the newly formed NADPH, called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch.Photosynthesis may simply be defined as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. It is affected by its surroundings, and the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, the light intensity, and the temperature.Photosynthesis uses only 1% of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and 2% of the visible spectrum.[citation needed] It has been estimated that the productivity of photosynthesis is 115 petagrams (Pg, equals 1015 grams or 109 metric tons).In plantsMost plants are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds using light energy - for example from the sun, instead of eating other organisms or relying on nutrients derived from them. This is distinct from chemoautotrophs that do not depend on light energy, but use energy from inorganic compounds.6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O The energy for photosynthesis ultimately comes from absorbed photons and involves a reducing agent, which is water in the case of plants, releasing oxygen as product. The light energy is converted to chemical energy (known as light-dependent reactions), in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are used for synthetic reactions in photoautotrophs. The overall equation for the light-dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is:[3]2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + O2Most notably, plants use the chemical energy to fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other organic compounds through light-independent reactions. The overall equation for carbon fixation (sometimes referred to as carbon reduction) in green plants is:[3]3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ → C3H6O3-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2OTo be more specific, carbon fixation produces an intermediate product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products. The carbon skeletons produced by photosynthesis are then variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, as precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants gets passed through a food chain. Organisms dependent on photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms are called heterotrophs. In general outline, cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis: Glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and chemical energy. However, the two processes take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll, which is the reason that most plants have a green color. The function of chlorophyll is often supported by other accessory pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Both chlorophyll and accessory pigments are contained in organelles (compartments within the cell) called chloroplasts. Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of the energy is captured in the leaves. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the mesophyll, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating. The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.Plants convert light into chemical energy with a maximum photosynthetic efficiency of approximately 6%.[4][5][6] By comparison solar panels convert light into electric energy at a photosynthetic efficiency of approximately 10-20%. Actual plant's photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of CO2 in atmosphere.In algae and bacteriaAlgae come in multiple forms from multicellular organisms like kelp, to microscopic, single-cell organisms. Although they are not as complex as land plants, the biochemical process of photosynthesis is the same. Very much like plants, algae have chloroplasts and chlorophyll, but various accessory pigments are present in some algae such as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae and phycoerythrin in red algae (rhodophytes), resulting in a wide variety of colors. Brown algae and diatoms contain fucoxanthol as their primary pigment. All algae produce oxygen, and many are autotrophic. However, some are heterotrophic, relying on materials produced by other organisms. For example, in coral reefs, there is a mutualistic relationship between zooxanthellae and the coral polyps.[7] Photosynthetic bacteria do not have chloroplasts (or any membrane-bound organelles). Instead, photosynthesis takes place directly within the cell. Cyanobacteria contain thylakoid membranes very similar to those in chloroplasts and are the only prokaryotes that perform oxygen-generating photosynthesis. In fact, chloroplasts are now considered to have evolved from an endosymbiotic bacterium, which was also an ancestor of cyanobacterium.The other photosynthetic bacteria have a variety of different pigments, called bacteriochlorophylls, and use electron donors different from water and thus do not produce oxygen. Some bacteria, such as Chromatium, oxidize hydrogen sulfide instead of water for photosynthesis, producing sulfur as waste. Other photosynthetic bacteria oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron,[8] others nitrite to nitrate,[9] and still others use arsenites, producing arsenates.[10]All photosynthesizing organisms must be in the photic (light-receiving) zone, except for those near hydrothermal vents which give faint light.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy. Its initial substrates are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source is sunlight (electromagnetic radiation); and the end-products are oxygen and (energy-containing) carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose or starch. This process is one of the most important biochemical pathways,[1] since nearly all life on Earth either directly or indirectly depends on it as a source of energy. It is a complex process occurring in plants, algae, as well as bacteria such as cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic organisms are also referred to as photoautotrophs.[1]Photosynthesis uses light energy and carbon dioxide to make triose phosphates (G3P). G3P is generally considered the first end-product of photosynthesis.[citation needed] It can be used as a source of metabolic energy, or combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide or disaccharide sugars, such as glucose or sucrose, respectively, which can be transported to other cells, stored as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch, or converted to structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose or glucans.A commonly used slightly simplified equation for photosynthesis is:6 CO2(g) + 12 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) + 6 H2O(l)carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + waterThe equation is often presented in introductory chemistry texts in an even more simplified form as:[2]6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g)Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions(also called the Light Reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture and chemically reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) (also called carbon fixation) to make the precursors of carbohydrates.In the light reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, allowing the start of a flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition, this creates a proton gradient across the chloroplast membrane; its dissipation is used by ATP Synthase for the concomitant synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains the lost electron from a water molecule through a process called photolysis, which releases a dioxygen (O2) molecule.In the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a process that requires the newly formed NADPH, called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch.Photosynthesis may simply be defined as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. It is affected by its surroundings, and the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, the light intensity, and the temperature.Photosynthesis uses only 1% of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and 2% of the visible spectrum.[citation needed] It has been estimated that the productivity of photosynthesis is 115 petagrams (Pg, equals 1015 grams or 109 metric tons).In plantsMost plants are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds using light energy - for example from the sun, instead of eating other organisms or relying on nutrients derived from them. This is distinct from chemoautotrophs that do not depend on light energy, but use energy from inorganic compounds.6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O The energy for photosynthesis ultimately comes from absorbed photons and involves a reducing agent, which is water in the case of plants, releasing oxygen as product. The light energy is converted to chemical energy (known as light-dependent reactions), in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are used for synthetic reactions in photoautotrophs. The overall equation for the light-dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is:[3]2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + O2Most notably, plants use the chemical energy to fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other organic compounds through light-independent reactions. The overall equation for carbon fixation (sometimes referred to as carbon reduction) in green plants is:[3]3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ → C3H6O3-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2OTo be more specific, carbon fixation produces an intermediate product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products. The carbon skeletons produced by photosynthesis are then variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, as precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants gets passed through a food chain. Organisms dependent on photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms are called heterotrophs. In general outline, cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis: Glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and chemical energy. However, the two processes take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll, which is the reason that most plants have a green color. The function of chlorophyll is often supported by other accessory pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Both chlorophyll and accessory pigments are contained in organelles (compartments within the cell) called chloroplasts. Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of the energy is captured in the leaves. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the mesophyll, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating. The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.Plants convert light into chemical energy with a maximum photosynthetic efficiency of approximately 6%.[4][5][6] By comparison solar panels convert light into electric energy at a photosynthetic efficiency of approximately 10-20%. Actual plant's photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of CO2 in atmosphere.In algae and bacteriaAlgae come in multiple forms from multicellular organisms like kelp, to microscopic, single-cell organisms. Although they are not as complex as land plants, the biochemical process of photosynthesis is the same. Very much like plants, algae have chloroplasts and chlorophyll, but various accessory pigments are present in some algae such as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae and phycoerythrin in red algae (rhodophytes), resulting in a wide variety of colors. Brown algae and diatoms contain fucoxanthol as their primary pigment. All algae produce oxygen, and many are autotrophic. However, some are heterotrophic, relying on materials produced by other organisms. For example, in coral reefs, there is a mutualistic relationship between zooxanthellae and the coral polyps.[7] Photosynthetic bacteria do not have chloroplasts (or any membrane-bound organelles). Instead, photosynthesis takes place directly within the cell. Cyanobacteria contain thylakoid membranes very similar to those in chloroplasts and are the only prokaryotes that perform oxygen-generating photosynthesis. In fact, chloroplasts are now considered to have evolved from an endosymbiotic bacterium, which was also an ancestor of cyanobacterium.The other photosynthetic bacteria have a variety of different pigments, called bacteriochlorophylls, and use electron donors different from water and thus do not produce oxygen. Some bacteria, such as Chromatium, oxidize hydrogen sulfide instead of water for photosynthesis, producing sulfur as waste. Other photosynthetic bacteria oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron,[8] others nitrite to nitrate,[9] and still others use arsenites, producing arsenates.[10]All photosynthesizing organisms must be in the photic (light-receiving) zone, except for those near hydrothermal vents which give faint light.
What is the molar mass of c-phycocyanin?
The alpha chain is 18 kda and the beta is 21 kda. But usually Phycocyanin exists as trimer along with some linker peptides. The molecular weight of trimer is 121 kda
Where can you purchase phycocyanin - what is the price?
Phycocyanin is available in different grades/quality indexes Right from the food grade to analytical grade. It could be as cheap as 500 USD per KG to 100,000 USD per gram......
Does Phycocyanin helps in cancer treatment?
the usual presumption is that phycocyanin brings the cancer down (many supporting references) but one must be aware of the practical toxicities associated with its intake. Even physiologically acceptable and well reported doses (may be the published data was not scrutinized properly) have lead to toxic triggers in the body leading to fatalities like meningitis and lymphosarcomas in silent progress. Spirulina (the parent molecule of phycocyanin) is definitely a balanced wise option for phycocyanin intake where it is naturally designed "with in its acceptable limits". Extracted thing seem to be nasty during its metabolic action in pathologies as such and their respective role in trigger onset of such pathologies.
What are the active medicinal properties of spirulina?
Chlorophyll, phycocyanin, B vitamins, beta-carotene, gamma-linolenic acid, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, zinc, bioflavonoids, protein, evercetin.
What is the molar mass of C?
The alpha chain is 18 kda and the beta is 21 kda. But usually Phycocyanin exists as trimer along with some linker peptides. The molecular weight of trimer is 121 kda
Are rodophyta contained chlorophyll?
Yes, Rhodophyta, also known as red algae, contain chlorophyll. However, they also contain other pigments such as phycobilins, which give them their characteristic red color.
What are two accessory pigments for photosynthesis?
Chloraphyll A and B
What color is rhodophyta?
Unlike brown and green algae, red algae can assume a great variety of colors. Xanthophylls like lutein yield yellow to orange hues. More typically, however, red algae appear red, violet or bluish due to the presence of accessory pigments like phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. Green prevails when the above colorations are lacking. Overlaping colors or high concentrations of pigments can cause rhodophytes to look brown or blackish. Coralline rhodophytes often appear chalk white.
Does algae grow in the photic or aphotic zone?
Algae is a plant, therefore it needs light. The photic zone has light, so that is where algae will grow. actually algae are of diffrent types red, brown green and yellow. Green algae and brown algae(stipe and frond) are usually in photic zone however red algae and bluegreen algae also inhabit aphotic zone On account of presence of pigments r-phycocyanin and r-phycoerythrin red algae can also absorb diffused UV light so can also prepare food in aphotic zone
Does algae grow in aphotic or photic zone?
Algae is a plant, therefore it needs light. The photic zone has light, so that is where algae will grow. actually algae are of diffrent types red, brown green and yellow. Green algae and brown algae(stipe and frond) are usually in photic zone however red algae and bluegreen algae also inhabit aphotic zone On account of presence of pigments r-phycocyanin and r-phycoerythrin red algae can also absorb diffused UV light so can also prepare food in aphotic zone
List five pigments that are responsible for plant colors?
Chlorophyll (a, b, c, d, e, f), carotenoids (carotenes, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin), and phycobilins (phycoerytherin, phycocyanin) are the major groups of pigments that are associated with photosynthesis. Plants mostly use chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenes, and xanthophyll as their photosynthetic pigments.
What is the difference between blue-green algae and green algae?
Blue green algae is otherwise called cyanobacteria (bacterial classification- prokaryote), green algae is eukaryotic. The pigment present in blue green algae is phycocyanin and chlorophyll in case of green algaeBlue green algaes kingdom is moneran and green algae is not moneran.
