Protonema is haploid and it is basically a mass tangled green filament that looks threadlike another words it is the young gametophyte ( game-producing) .
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For a spore to grow into a new plant, it needs favorable conditions such as moisture, light, and nutrients. The spore will germinate and develop into a new plant through processes like cell division and differentiation. Over time, the plant will grow and mature, producing its own spores to continue the reproductive cycle.
The outer covering of a seed is called the seed coat. It protects the embryo inside and helps regulate the exchange of gases and water during germination.
protonema
The horizontal filament you are referring to is likely a protonema, which is a characteristic structure formed during the germination of bryophyte spores. Protonema can give rise to the gametophyte generation in bryophytes, which is the dominant phase of their life cycle. It serves as the early stage for growth and development before the formation of the mature gametophyte structure.
gives chloronemal branches
protonema
protonema
protonema A+LS
mosses
In the life cycle of Funaria (common moss), the plant begins as a haploid spore that germinates into a protonema. From the protonema, moss gametophytes grow, producing male and female gametangia that release sperm and eggs, respectively. Fertilization occurs, leading to the formation of a diploid sporophyte that produces spores through meiosis, which then disperse to start the cycle anew.
The juvenile phase of mosses is called the protonema. It is a thread-like structure that develops from a germinating spore and eventually gives rise to the leafy gametophyte of the moss plant.
Chloronema and caulonema are two types of filaments found in mosses. Chloronema filaments are green and involved in photosynthesis, while caulonema filaments are colorless and responsible for growth and branching. Together, they function in the reproduction and development of moss plants.
For a spore to grow into a new plant, it needs favorable conditions such as moisture, light, and nutrients. The spore will germinate and develop into a new plant through processes like cell division and differentiation. Over time, the plant will grow and mature, producing its own spores to continue the reproductive cycle.
The gametophyte or sexual phase in a moss life cycle begins with the germination of spores. These spores develop into a structure called a protonema, which then gives rise to the mature gametophyte plant. This mature gametophyte produces gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction.