ATP!
Chlorophyll
The -phosphate is the primary phosphate group on the ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed when energy is needed to drive anabolic reactions. Located the farthest from the ribose sugar, it has a higher energy than either the - or -phosphate.
The light-dependent reactions, or light reactions, are the first stage of photosynthesis. In this process light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carriers ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions, the formed NADPH and ATP drive the reduction of CO2 to more useful organic compounds, such as glucose.
splitting of water molecules
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) hydrolysis, the reaction releases energy and can be used to drive normally unwilling reactions
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy.
When a chemical reaction breaks a bond there is a release of the energy that was used to form the bond. This usable energy drives the motion of the cell, usually in the mitochondria of a cell.
Yes.
Electrical discharge
carbohydrates and lipids
Kinetic, because it's moving. Chemical, because of the chemical reactions which drive it. Gravitational potential energy as well . . .
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
I don't know of any way to do this. Nuclear energy simply provides heat, so could conceivably be used to drive chemical reactions, but I don't think this has ever been done.
a cell
In general Gibbs free energy is NOT constant. Gibbs free energy can be translated into chemical potential and differences in chemical potential are what drive changes - whether it be chemical reactions, phase changes, diffusion, osmosis, heat exchange or some other thermodynamic function.