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Phosopholipids have both a hydrophilic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water hating) region. This enables them to effectively make a barrier between the fluid inside and outside of the cell.

The heads of phospholipids are hydrophilic - and so form the surfaces of the membrane, with their hydrophobic (lipid) tails facing inwards.

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What is the difference between a protein channel and a transporter carrier?

Channel 1) Allow ions to flow down electrochemical gradient 2) Move ions across membrane very quickly (i.e., million ions/sec) 3) Needs no more than a single gate to control opening. 4) Can be selective for multiple ion types 5) Large domain movement is required to open or close gate(s). (conformational change) 6) Some gates are controlled by smaller structural change (ie. A single amino acid change) 7) Multiple transmembrane domain 8) Can be open to both sides of the membrane Transporter 1) Move at least one of the ions it is transporting against its electrochemical gradient 2) Slower ions transporter than channels 3) Requires at least two gates to control opening. 4) Can be selective for multiple ion types 5) Large domain movement is required to open or close gates (conformational change) 6) Some gates are controlled by smaller structural change (i.e., A single amino acid change) 7) Must use some form of energy to move ions against its electrochemical gradient. 8) Multiple transmembrane domain 9) Virtually never open to both sides of the membrane Source: 1) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6977 /full/427795a.html


Are living things sometimes called carbon-based forms?

Yes, living things are also known as carbon-based lifeforms. This is because carbon is the base of life as we know it. Carbon can form long chains with itself and so is uniquely able to be the basis of life.


Why is cholesterol important in the human body?

Without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too fluid, not firm enough, and too permeable to some molecules. In other words, it keeps the membrane from turning to mush.


How do enzymes catalyze specific reactions in biological systems?

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions in biological systems by binding to specific molecules, called substrates, and lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently, leading to the formation of products. Enzymes are highly specific in their function, as their active sites are uniquely shaped to fit only certain substrates, ensuring that they catalyze only specific reactions.


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Common instruments used in biometrics include fingerprint scanners, iris scanners, facial recognition cameras, voice recognition software, and hand geometry readers. These instruments are used to verify an individual's identity based on unique biological traits.

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