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The way we grow and develop is determined by genes on the chromosomes which we receive from our parents in the egg and sperm.

Individual genes contain 'recipes' for proteins. Many proteins are enzymes which control the making of virtually all of the molecules in the body, including hair, skin, eyes etc. Therefore, because we inherit these 'recipes' from our parents, characteristics such as hair, eye and skin colour will often be the same as our parents.

Chromosomes are paired (each human has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) The genes within them are therefore also paired.

If our parents have different traits, for example, if the Mother has ginger hair and the Father has Brown hair, then what is known as the dominant gene will suppress the recessive gene. In this case, the gene which determines ginger hair is recessive and the gene which determines brown hair is dominant. Therefore, the child will have brown hair. In order for the ginger trait to be 'expressed' the pair of genes or alleles must contain two of the recessive ginger genes.

This process is known as heredity. It is through heredity that humans have evolved, by passing on individual traits. Charles Darwin came up with the theory of 'survival of the fittest' In other words, individuals with better traits (eg. faster runners) would survive, whilst the slower runners wouldn't. This meant that only the better traits would be passed on to the next generation, and the species as a whole would gradually become stronger and better adapted to their environment.

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