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What mechanics are responsible for regulating sodium and water intake for regulating blood pressure?
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
Water Balance and ECF Osmolality1. Sources of body water are ingested foods and fluids and metabolic water.
2. Water leaves the body via the lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys.
Regulation of Water Intake3. Increased plasma osmolality triggers the thirst mechanism, mediated by hypothalamic osmoreceptors. Thirst, inhibited by distension of the gastrointestinal tract by ingested water and then by osmotic signals, may be damped before body needs for water are met.
Regulation of Water Output4. Obligatory water loss is unavoidable and includes insensible water losses from the lungs, the skin, in feces, and about 500 ml of urine output daily.
5. Beyond obligatory water loss, the volume of urinary output depends on water intake and loss via other routes and reflects the influence of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on the renal tubules.
Influence of ADH6. Antidiuretic hormone causes aquaporins (water channels) to be inserted in the cell membranes of the collecting ducts, so that most filtered water is reabsorbed. ADH release is triggered if ECF osmolality is high, or if a large drop in blood volume or pressure occurs.
Disorders of Water Balance7. Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds water intake over time. It is evidenced by thirst, dry skin, and decreased urine output. A serious consequence is hypovolemic shock.
8. Hypotonic hydration occurs when body fluids are excessively diluted and cells become swollen by water entry. The most serious consequence is cerebral edema.
9. Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, which may impair blood circulation.
Electrolyte Balance1. Most electrolytes (salts) are obtained from ingested foods and fluids. Salts, particularly NaCl, are often ingested in excess of need.
2. Electrolytes are lost in perspiration, feces, and urine. The kidneys are most important in regulating electrolyte balance.
The Central Role of Sodium in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance3. Sodium salts are the most abundant solutes in ECF. They exert the bulk of ECF osmotic pressure and control water volume and distribution in the body.
4. Na+ transport by the renal tubule cells is coupled to and helps regulate K+, Cl-, HCO3-, and H+ concentrations in the ECF.
Regulation of Sodium Balance5. Sodium ion balance is linked to ECF volume and blood pressure regulation and involves both neural and hormonal controls.
6. Aldosterone promotes Na+ reabsorption and H2O conservation, unless other mechanisms favor water excretion.
7. Declining blood pressure and falling filtrate osmolality stimulate the granular cells to release renin. Renin, via angiotensin II, enhances systemic blood pressure and aldosterone release.
8. Cardiovascular system baroreceptors sense changing arterial blood pressure, prompting changes in sympathetic vasomotor activity. Rising arterial pressure leads to vasodilation and enhanced Na+ and water loss in urine. Falling arterial pressure promotes vasoconstriction and conserves Na+ and water.
9. Atrial natriuretic peptide, released by certain atrial cells in response to rising blood pressure (or blood volume), causes systemic vasodilation and inhibits renin, aldosterone, and ADH release. Hence, it enhances Na+ and water excretion, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.
10. Estrogens and glucocorticoids increase renal retention of sodium. Progesterone promotes enhanced sodium and water excretion in urine.
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
Wiki User
∙ 14y agoWhat mechanics are responsible for regulating sodium and water intake for regulating blood pressure
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